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. 2017 Apr 12;4(4):160972. doi: 10.1098/rsos.160972

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© 2017 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 1. — Examples of failure of hollow stems due to cross-sectional flattening. (a) Tree trunk split in the grain direction (longitudinal splitting) before buckling; white ash (Fraxinus americana) t/R ≈ 0.1, reproduced from Bond [10] with written permission. (b) Bamboo (Bambusa oldhamii) stalk split, t/R ≈ 0.2.