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Analysis of cross-sectional flattening of a circular hollow trunk due to bending moment Mx. (a) Inward force distribution in a transverse section. (b) Free-body diagram of one quarter of the transverse section for calculating the bending moment M(φ) exerted on axial sections with an angular position φ. θ, angular position of the force dF; M0, statically indeterminate bending moment at φ = 0. Note that the inward force dF is body force, not shear force, acting on the bulk of material.
