Table 3.
Characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia survivors and non-survivors
| Survivors | Non-survivors | Univariate | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1708 | n = 122 | P value | |
| Male | 1187 (69.5) | 92 (75.4) | 0.20 |
| Age (y) | 73.2 ± 14.4 | 78.8 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| Smoking statusa | 0.26 | ||
| Current | 273 (16.0) | 19 (15.6) | |
| Past | 780 (45.7) | 68 (55.7) | |
| Never | 655 (38.3) | 35 (28.7) | |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Chronic heart disease | 509 (29.8) | 45 (36.9) | 0.12 |
| COPDb | 393 (23.0) | 46 (37.7) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 340 (19.9) | 24 (19.7) | 1.00 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 325 (19.0) | 27 (22.1) | 0.47 |
| Malignancy | 148 (8.7) | 19 (15.6) | 0.02 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 125 (7.3) | 11 (9.0) | 0.47 |
| Chronic liver disease | 100 (5.9) | 10 (8.2) | 0.39 |
| Vital signs | |||
| Body temperature (°C) | 37.9 ± 1.1 | 37.4 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129 ± 26 | 126 ± 30 | 0.19 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 98 ± 19 | 103 ± 25 | 0.004 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 23 ± 7 | 28 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 250 (mmHg)c | 554 (32.4) | 92 (75.4) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory examinations | |||
| Alb (g/dL) | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 21.8 ± 14.5 | 34.5 ± 22.2 | <0.001 |
| Cr (mg/dL) | 1.01 ± 0.8 | 1.27 ± 1.2 | 0.001 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 136.7 ± 4.2 | 137.2 ± 6.3 | 0.25 |
| Ht (%) | 37.1 ± 5.5 | 35.6 ± 6.5 | 0.004 |
| Plt (×104/μL) | 22.5 ± 10.2 | 22.8 ± 10.2 | 0.75 |
| WBC (×103/μL) | 12.3 ± 6.2 | 12.1 ± 6.4 | 0.75 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 125 ± 94 | 164 ± 108 | <0.001 |
| Multilobar pneumonia | 939 (55.0) | 99 (81.1) | <0.001 |
| Bacteremia | 73 (4.3) | 20 (16.4) | <0.001 |
| β-lactam monotherapy | 1109 (64.9) | 72 (59.0) | 0.22 |
| AZM combination | 354 (20.7) | 12 (9.8) | 0.005 |
| FQN combination | 81 (4.7) | 30 (24.6) | <0.001 |
| MINO combination | 79 (4.6) | 3 (2.5) | 0.37 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 99 (5.8) | 40 (32.8) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressor drug usage | 60 (3.5) | 26 (21.3) | <0.001 |
| ICU admission | 67 (3.9) | 28 (23.0) | <0.001 |
| A-DROP (score) | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 204 (11.9) | 1 (0.8) | |
| 1 | 478 (28.0) | 7 (5.7) | |
| 2 | 545 (31.9) | 28 (23.0) | |
| 3 | 372 (21.8) | 54 (44.3) | |
| 4 | 97 (5.7) | 29 (23.8) | |
| 5 | 12 (0.7) | 3 (2.5) | |
| CURB-65 (score) | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 192 (11.2) | 0 (0) | |
| 1 | 540 (31.6) | 12 (9.8) | |
| 2 | 594 (34.8) | 39 (32.0) | |
| 3 | 294 (17.2) | 35 (28.7) | |
| 4 | 74 (4.3) | 32 (26.2) | |
| 5 | 14 (0.8) | 4 (3.3) | |
| PSI (score) | 100.7 ± 32.3 | 140.9 ± 37.2 | <0.001 |
| PSI (class) | <0.001 | ||
| I | 36 (2.1) | 0 (0) | |
| II | 210 (12.3) | 1 (0.8) | |
| III | 447 (26.2) | 8 (6.6) | |
| IV | 750 (43.9) | 47 (38.5) | |
| V | 265 (15.5) | 66 (54.1) | |
| IDSA/ATS severe criteria | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 490 (28.7) | 95 (77.9) | |
| No | 1218 (71.3) | 27 (22.1) | |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%)
Abbreviations: A-DROP age ≥70 years in men or age ≥75 years in women, blood urea nitrogen ≥21 mg · dL−1 or dehydration, oxyhemoglobin saturation measured by pulse oximetry ≤90% or partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood ≤60 mmHg, confusion, or systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg, Alb Albumin, ATS American Thoracic Society, AZM azithromycin, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cr Creatinine, CRP C-reactive protein, CURB-65 confusion, urea >7 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/min, low blood pressure (systolic <90 mmHg or diastolic ≤60 mmHg), and age ≥65 years, FiO 2 fraction of inspired oxygen, FQN fluoroquinolone, Ht Hematocrit, ICU intensive care unit, IDSA Infectious Diseases Society of America, MINO minomycin, Na Sodium, PaO 2 partial pressure of arterial oxygen, Plt Platelet, PSI Pneumonia Severity Index, WBC white blood cell
aCurrent: Patients who are current smokers and have been smoking more than 100 cigarettes in their entire life, Past: Patients who quit smoking more than a month ago and have been smoking more than 100 cigarettes in their entire life, Never: Patients who have not smoked in the past month and have not smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their entire life.
bWe diagnosed COPD according to the GOLD definition [6]. Patients who were already diagnosed and treated as COPD in other hospitals and had emphysema on chest tomography were also included.
cArterial blood gas analyses were not performed in 513 of the survivors and 12 of the non-survivors; in these patients, arterial oxygen partial pressure was estimated from oxyhemoglobin saturation measured by pulse oximetry.