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. 2017 Apr 26;13:1193–1200. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S131311

Table 1.

Patients’ characteristics and risk of sleep apnea per the Berlin questionnaire

Patients with high risk of sleep apnea, n (%) N=60 Patients with low risk of sleep apnea, n (%) N=92 P-value
Sex 0.16
 Male 30 (50.0) 35 (38.5)
 Female 30 (50.0) 56 (61.5)
Age (years) 0.06
 18–25 9 (15.0) 33 (35.9)
 26–35 18 (30.0) 25 (27.2)
 36–45 18 (30.0) 18 (19.6)
 46–55 8 (13.3) 10 (10.9)
 >55 7 (11.7) 6 (6.5)
BMI categories 0.02
 Underweight 2 (3.3) 8 (8.9)
 Normal 16 (26.7) 40 (44.4)
 Overweight 27 (45.0) 37 (41.1)
 Obese 15 (25.0) 5 (5.6)
Diagnosis 0.33
 Depression 31 (51.7) 36 (39.1)
 Schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder 10 (16.7) 11 (12.0)
 Bipolar 5 (8.3) 19 (20.7)
 Anxiety disorder 6 (10.0) 10 (9.8)
 SUD 8 (13.3) 15 (16.3)
 Eating disorder 0 (0.0) 1 (1.1)
Depressive symptoms 0.01
 None 5 (8.3) 18 (19.6)
 Mild to moderate 10 (16.7) 26 (28.3)
 Severe 45 (75.0) 48 (52.2)
Anxiety symptoms 0.47
 No anxiety 10 (35.7) 18 (19.6)
 Mild 19 (31.7) 25 (27.2)
 Moderate 5 (37.5) 15 (16.3)
 Severe 26 (43.3) 34 (37.0)
Tobacco 42 (70.0) 54 (58.7) 0.16
Caffeine 49 (81.7) 77 (83.7) 0.74
Alcohol 19 (31.7) 31 (33.7) 0.79
Substance abuse 0.37
 Cannabis 6 (10.0) 17 (18.5)
 Cocaine 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0)
 Non-prescribed opiates 1 (1.7) 1 (1.1)
 Non-prescribed benzodiazepines 4 (6.7) 3 (3.3)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SUD, substance use disorder.