The mRNA levels of FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5 were measured in (A) HepG2, (B) Huh-7, and (C) IHH cells by qRT-PCR after treatment without (open bars) or with (filled bars) 0.75mM palmitate for 18 hours. Results are shown as mean ± SEM. Student's t test; *, P < .05; **, P < .01 vs untreated cells. D, FMO3 protein was measured by immunoblotting in IHH cells incubated with palmitate and TPA or vehicle as indicated and normalized to 14-3-3 protein levels. Results are mean ± SEM from 3 experiments. Student's t test; *, P < .05; **, P < .01 vs untreated cells; #, P < .05 vs palmitate-treated cells treated with vehicle. E, FMO3 promoter activity was measured by luciferase reporter assay in cells incubated with palmitate and TPA or vehicle as indicated. Results are mean ± SEM from 4 experiments. Student's t test; ##, P < .025 vs palmitate-treated cells treated with vehicle.