Table 4.

Sanitation structure and design characteristics and their associations with latrine use.

Main Factors	Sub Factors	Effect on Use	Reference
Functionality & Maintenance	-Latrine functional	↑	Barnard et al. (2013)
	-Unbroken pan	↑	Barnard et al. (2013)
	-Covered pit	↑	Barnard et al. (2013)
	-Well maintained	↑	Mathew et al. (2008), Roma et al. (2010)
	-Susceptible to flooding	↓	Caruso et al. (2014a)
	-Susceptible to flooding	↓	Caruso et al. (2014a)
	-Poor structural integrity	↓	Caruso et al. (2014a), Olsen et al. (2001), Pfadenhauer and Rehfuess (2015), Routray et al. (2015)
Hygiene Amenities	-Lack of anal cleansing materials	↓	Drangert and Nawab (2011)
	-Lack of menstrual hygiene materials	↓	Freeman et al. (2013b)
Latrine type	-VIP (compared to unimproved)	↑	Kema et al. (2012)
	-Prefabricated plastic latrine (compared to pit)	↓	Garn et al. (2014)
	-Pour-flush latrine with large pit size	↑	Coffey et al. (2014)
Accessibility	-Latrines not present	↓	Caruso et al. (2014a), Drangert and Nawab (2011), Schmidlin et al. (2013), Thys et al. (2015)
	-Far from household	↓	Biran et al. (2011), Murthy et al. (1990), Roma et al. (2010)
	-Closer to school than OD site	↑	Caruso et al. (2014a)
	-Costly use fee	↓	London and Esper (2014), Murthy et al. (1990), Roma et al. (2010), Routray et al. (2015)
	-Inadequate number of latrines	↓	Biran et al. (2011), Caruso et al. (2014a), Garn et al. (2014)
	-Latrines closed	↓	Murthy et al. (1990), Ness (2015)
	-Accessible latrine for children with disabilities	↓	Wilbur and Danquah (2015)
Privacy	-Lack privacy for menstrual hygiene management	↓	Freeman et al. (2013b)
	-Communal latrine (vs. shared with neighbors)	↓	Heijnen et al. (2015a)
	-Shared (vs. individual)	↓	Heijnen et al. (2015b)
	-Wall height at least 1.5m	↑	Barnard et al. (2013)
	-Lack of lock	↓	Caruso et al. (2014a)
	-School latrines built in blocks (vs. separate)	↓	Garn et al. (2014)
	-Absence of door	↓	Barnard et al. (2013), Caruso et al. (2014a), Garn et al. (2014), Njuguna et al. (2008), Routray et al. (2015), Thys et al. (2015), Yimam et al. (2014)
Age of Latrine	-Older latrine (i.e. behavior change)	↑	Barnard et al. (2013), Biran et al. (2011)
	-Newer latrine (i.e. better maintenance)	↑	Garn et al. (2014)
Cleanliness	-Dirty, feces and/or bad smell	↓	Caruso et al. (2014a), Freeman et al. (2013b), Garn et al. (2014), London and Esper (2014), Mathew et al. (2008), Murthy et al. (1990), Ness (2015), Njuguna et al. (2008), Pfadenhauer and Rehfuess (2015), Rheinlander et al. (2010), Yimam et al. (2014)

↓= increased use; ↑ = decreased use.