Table 1.
Mixed liner regression analysis for HRQOL among 227 cognitively intact nursing home residents in Bergen, Norway, in 2004–2006 at baseline, 5, and 6 years of follow-up
| Predictors | Physical functioning | Role limitations, physical | Bodily pain | General health perceptions | Vitality | Social functioning | Role limitations, emotional | Mental health |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | |
| Intercept | −16.3 (−31.1, −1.5) | −6.6 (−38.9, 27.7) | 45.5 (16.7, 66.3) | 4.1 (−10.6, 18.7) | 1.5 (−13.2, 16.3) | 10.7 (−10.2, 31.6) | −11.0 (−39.9, 17.9) | 6.5 (−5.9, 18.8) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Men | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) |
| Women | −3.1 (−8.5, 2.4) | −0.3 (−20.9, 1.7) | −10.4 (−19.2, 1.7) | −2.2 (−5.2, 4.8) | 1.4 (−3.7, 6.5) | 3.1 (−4.2, 10.5) | 1.2 (−9.0, 11.5) | 0.0 (−4.1, 4.2) |
| P-value | NS | NS | 0.020 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 65–74 | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) |
| 75–84 | 10.3 (1.8, 18.9) | −5.8 (−21.9, 10.4) | −7.7 (−21.2, 5.9) | 2.3 (−5.2, 9.7) | −10.0 (−17.8, −2.1) | 1.6 (−9.7, 12.8) | –1.0 (−15.9, 17.0) | −6.7 (−12.8, 0.5) |
| 85–94 | 4.0 (−4.4, 12.5) | −5.5 (−26.6, 10.7) | −2.3 (−16.6, 11.1) | 2.1 (−5.3, 9.5) | −12.6 (−20.3, −5.0) | 4.6 (−6.5, 15.8) | –0.5 (−16.4, 15.3) | −4.3 (−10.5, 1.9) |
| ≥95 | 7.7 (−3.0, 18.3) | −2.7 (−23.9, 25.8) | −3.0 (−20.0, 14.0) | 6.6 (−3.0, 16.2) | −14.7 (−24.6, −4.7) | −1.2 (−15.4, 13.0) | 1.6 (−18.4, 26.6) | −3.4 (−11.4, 4.6) |
| P-value | 0.040 | NS | NS | NS | 0.011 | NS | NS | NS |
| Time | ||||||||
| Baseline (n = 227) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) |
| 5 years (n = 52) | −9.5 (−14.1, −4.8) | −17.6 (−31.0, −8.4) | −0.4 (−9.2, 8.4) | 1.0 (−4.8, 6.9) | 1.0 (−4.6, 6.5) | −1.7 (−9.2, 5.9) | −5.5 (−15.4, 4.3) | 0.5 (−4.5, 4.2) |
| 6 years (n = 18) | −15.6 (−22.5, −8.7) | −11.6 (−31.5, −4.7) | −6.5 (−19.9, 6.8) | 9.9 (1.0, 18.8) | −2.9 (−11.3, 5.5) | 7.2 (−4.2, 5.8) | −3.9 (−18.8, 21.6) | −3.4 (−11.0, 11.7) |
| P-value | <0.001 | 0.023 | NS | 0.091 | 0.694 | NS | NS | 0.051 |
| Cancer | ||||||||
| No cancer | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) | 0.0 (reference) |
| Cancer | −3.7 (−9.1, 1.7) | −4.9 (−14.8, 6.9) | −7.7 (−16.4, 0.9) | −7.9 (−12.9, −3.0) | −4.6 (−9.7, 0.5) | −3.8 (−11.0, 3.4) | −0.3 (−9.8, 10.5) | −1.1 (−5.3, 3.0) |
| P-value | NS | NS | 0.080 | 0.002 | 0.076 | NS | NS | NS |
| Groll’s index | −7.0 (0.28, 0.64) | 0.8 (4.5, 2.9) | −2.6 (−5.4, 0.1) | 0.0 (−1.6, 1.7) | 1.0 (−0.7, 2.7) | 1.5 (−0.8, 3.8) | −2.4 (−5.6, 0.75) | 0.1 (−1.5, 1.3) |
| P-value | NS | NS | 0.062 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| SOC | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.6, 3.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.0 (−1.5, 1.1) |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Note: Interactions between cancer and time and between sex, Groll’s index (0–18), and cancer were tested, but none were found to be statistically significant.
Abbreviations: NS, not significant; b, regression coefficient; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; CI, confidence interval; SOC, sense of coherence (0–90).