Figure 1.

Therapeutic approaches targeting human TEM. On the left in red, strategies reported in clinical trials, while proposed strategies are shown on the right in blue. Strategies aim at preventing the interaction of (1) TIE-2/ANG2 and/or (2) VEGF/VEGFR. (3) In BC, combined blockade of TIE-2 and VEGFR kinase activity induce reprogramming of TEM toward an antitumoral functional phenotype, whose effects are summarized in Figure 2. Other approaches are based on (4) CD52-mediated TEM killing, (5) co-inhibition of CSFR-1 and VEGFR axes, (6) combined IL-10 and VEGF-A blockades. (7) VEGFR-1 function blocking antibodies impair the differentiation of CD34⁺ precursor cells into angiogenic TEM.