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. 2017 Jan 1;37(4):1182–1191. doi: 10.1177/0271678X17690537

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© The Author(s) 2017

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 3. — CSD-induced alterations in extracellular ion concentrations. CSD-associated depolarizations occur first in the dendrites and then propagate to the soma in cortical neurons. The initiation of CSD entails a rapid increase in [K⁺]_e from 4 mM to 30–60mM and a rapid decline in [Na⁺]_e from 140 mM to 50–70 mM (black arrows). Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity then rectifies the resultant abnormal ion distribution (red arrows). However, CSD-associated oligemia may have a negative impact on Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity.