Table 1. Description of Rat Behaviors.

Behavior	Description
Step	Removal of at least two paws from the ground in an alternating manner
Walk	Removal of all four limbs off the ground in an alternating manner (left paw and right hind limb move simultaneously followed by right paw and left hind limb) OR significant shift from one location to another (if all limbs are not visible)
Run	Only two limbs touch the ground at any given time; the rat may alternate two limbs at a time (as is seen during walking behaviour) OR the rat may move two paws followed by two hind limbs at any given time; such movement is accompanied by the extension of the torso as the front limbs reach forward followed by flexion of the torso as the hind limbs are removed from the ground and placed under the body [43]
Jump	Up jump: the two front limbs leave the ground followed by the hind limbs while body is lifted into the air, then all limbs touch the ground simultaneously or closely one after the other [44]; Forward jump: the two front limbs are extended forward and removed from the ground followed by the removal of the hind limbs from the ground; this behaviour is accompanied by the extension of the torso as the front limbs reach forward followed by flexion of the torso as the hind limbs are removed from the ground
Turn	Turn with one or both front limbs at a 45-, 90-, or 180-degree angle OR turn with three or more limbs at a 360-degree angle. Turning may also be preceded by a stepping or walking pattern or followed by a rear (see below for the operational definition of rearing behaviour)
Explore	Head may move up and down or side to side, usually includes whisking; may include extension of paw but no net ambulatory movement.
Dig	Vigorous forward and backward motion of front limbs while significantly displacing bedding
Rear	Standing on rear limbs with both front paws off ground (either free standing or against wall)
Shake	Vigorous side-to-side shudder of head, neck, and trunk [45]
Groom	Licking of paws; wipes/rubs face and nose; wipes behind ears, neck, and/or downward to either side of the body; may grab fur and nibble with teeth. Grooming may consist of a variation of these behaviours many consecutive times. However, grooming is typically initiated by wiping of the nose or face and followed by grooming of the neck and body [46]
Scratch	Rapid movement of hind limb with the claws rubbing against head, neck, or side
Rest	Immobile; may include slow head movements but feet do not move.