Fig 4. Roles of three major detoxification enzymes in detoxifying Advise (imidacloprid) in honey bees.

PBO (piperonyl butoxide) is a cytochrome P450 oxidase inhibitor; TPP (triphenyl phosphate) is an esterase inhibitor; and DEM (diethyl maleate) is a glutathione S-transferase inhibitor. Same letters above the error bars indicate no significant difference: lower case letters are for within-group comparisons; capital letters refer to comparisons among all treatments.