Table 4.
Proportion of participants on specific potentially inappropriate medications by study
| From Fiss et al.23 Pharmacological class |
Proportion (%) of patients with no suspicion of dementia | Proportion (%) of patients with suspicion of dementia |
|---|---|---|
| Antidepressants | ||
| Amitriptyline | 16.7 | 14.8 |
| Trimipramine | 5.6 | 3.7 |
| Doxepine | 5.6 | 3.7 |
| Maprotiline | 5.6 | 0 |
| Fluoxetine | 0 | 3.7 |
| Antihistamines | ||
| Diphenhydramine | 5.6 | 3.7 |
| Dimehydrinate | 3.7 | 3.7 |
| Dimetindene | 1.9 | 5.6 |
| Antipsychotics | ||
| Haloperidol | 0 | 7.4 |
| Levomepromazine | 1.9 | 0 |
| Thioridazine | 0 | 3.7 |
| Benzodiazepines and analogues | ||
| Alprazolam | 0 | 3.7 |
| Bromazapam | 3.7 | 3.7 |
| Brotizolam | 1.9 | 0 |
| Diazepam | 7.4 | 11.1 |
| Medazepam | 1.9 | 0 |
| Nitrazepam | 3.7 | 0 |
| Temazepam | 1.9 | 0 |
| Zopiclone | 1.9 | 3.7 |
| Zolpidem | 13 | 0 |
| Peripheral vasodilators | ||
| Pentoxifylline | 7.4 | 3.7 |
| Naftidrofuryl | 5.6 | 7.4 |
| Urinary antispasmodics | ||
| Solifenacin | 5.6 | 3.7 |
| Tolterodine | 0 | 7.4 |
| Oxybutynin | 0 | 3.7 |
| From Koyama et al.24,*Pharmacological class | Proportion (%) of total population (separation by cognition status not provided) | |
| Anticholinergic drugs | 15.2 | |
| Antispasmodics | 8.0 | |
| Barbiturates | 0.5 | |
| Benzodiazepines | 8.6 | |
| Central nervous system stimulants | 0.7 | |
| Muscle relaxants | 0.9 | |
| Sedative hypnotics | 3.8 | |
| From Monstastruc et al.27Pharmacological class | Proportion (%) of patients with dementia | |
| Analgesics | ||
| Indomethacin | 0.1 | |
| Association with at least 2 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 0.3 | |
| Antibiotic | ||
| Nitrofurantoin | 0.1 | |
| Antidepressants | ||
| Imipramine | 0.7 | |
| Antihistamines | ||
| H1 antihistamines | 2.2 | |
| Antihypertensives | ||
| Centrally acting antihypertensives | 3.1 | |
| Short-acting calcium channel blockers | 2.9 | |
| Antiarrhythmics | ||
| Disopyramide | 0.3 | |
| Antiplatelets | ||
| Ticlodipine | 0.6 | |
| Dipyridamole | 1 | |
| Antipsychotics | ||
| Phenothiazine neuroleptics | 0.6 | |
| Atropinic neuroleptics | 1.2 | |
| Benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine analogues | 8.5 | |
| Muscle relaxants/antispasmodics | ||
| Atropinic | 1.5 | |
| Muscle relaxants, nonatropinic | 0.1 | |
| Atropinic antispasmodic, gastrointestinal | 0.4 | |
| Other drugs with atropinic properties (antiemetics, antidrowsiness, nasal decongestants, cough suppressants) | 1.7 | |
| Cerebral vasodilators (dihydroergotamine, vincamine, ginkgo biloba, piribedil) | 24.1 | |
| From Lau et al., 201025Pharmacological class | Proportion (%) of all potentially inappropriate medication cases; data on 5 most common provided, similar in both those with and without dementia | |
| Antidepressants | ||
| Fluoxetine | 13 | |
| Antihypertensives | ||
| Nifedipine (immediate release) | 11 | |
| Doxazosin | 7 | |
| Estrogen | ||
| Oral estrogens | 22 | |
| Muscle relaxants/antispasmodics | 14 |
*
Drugs implicated in 75% of all reported potentially inappropriate medications included oxybutynin, tolterodine, lorazepam, alprazolam, paroxetine, temazepam, zolpidem and meclizine.