. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 3.

Published in final edited form as: Eur J Soc Secur. 2017 Mar 9;16(4):308–346. doi: 10.1177/138826271401600403

Table 3.

Fathers who took leave were more likely to be involved in child-care related tasks when children were less than one year old than fathers who did not take leave.

Fathers’ involvement when children were less than one year old, by leave-taking and country
	Denmark: involvement before age 1				United Kingdom: involvement before age 1				United States: involvement before age 1

	All	Took leave	No leave	p-value	All	Took leave	No leave	p-value	All	Took leave	No leave	p-value

	%	%	%		%	%	%		%	%	%
At least once a day
Feed child	28.9	29.7	23.2	^**	24.5	25.0	22.5	^***	41.7	42.0	40.1
Help child get dressed	-	-	-		-	-	-		40.1	40.7	35.6	^*
Get child to bed	21.2	21.6	18.4	⁺	-	-	-		55.0	55.1	55.2
Diaper child	47.5	48.7	39.0	^***	-	-	-		47.0	48.0	39.1	^***
Looks after the child on his own	-	-	-		15.5	15.3	16.2		-	-	-
Gets up at night for child	18.7	18.6	19.3		15.3	15.7	13.7	^**	-	-	-
Help child brush her/his teeth	-	-	-		-	-	-		-	-	-
Evening meal	-	-	-		-	-	-		-	-	-
At least few times a week
Give child a bath	37.7	38.1	34.4		36.1	38.1	29.4	^***	53.4	53.6	52.1
Read books to child	-	-	-		-	-	-		26.5	26.9	24.1
Play with the child	77.0	77.5	73.4	^*	-	-	-		-	-	-
Summary indicator of all items¹
Low (1st tertile)	34.4	35.0	29.9	^*	35.7	33.7	44.2	^***	33.9	33.2	39.3	^*
Medium (2nd tertile)	32.7	32.9	31.2		39.2	40.7	33.0	^***	34.5	34.7	32.3
High (3rd tertile)	33.0	32.1	39.0	^**	25.1	25.6	22.7	⁺	31.7	32.1	28.4

Note:

⁺

p<.10;

p<.05;

^**

p<.01;

^***

p<.001.

The number of activities in each summary indicator was the following: 6 in Denmark; 4 in the United Kingdom; and, 6 in the United States.