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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 3.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Soc Secur. 2017 Mar 9;16(4):308–346. doi: 10.1177/138826271401600403

Table 3.

Fathers who took leave were more likely to be involved in child-care related tasks when children were less than one year old than fathers who did not take leave.

Fathers’ involvement when children were less than one year old, by leave-taking and country
Denmark: involvement before age 1 United Kingdom: involvement before age 1 United States: involvement before age 1

All Took leave No leave p-value All Took leave No leave p-value All Took leave No leave p-value

% % % % % % % % %
At least once a day
 Feed child 28.9 29.7 23.2 ** 24.5 25.0 22.5 *** 41.7 42.0 40.1
 Help child get dressed - - - - - - 40.1 40.7 35.6 *
 Get child to bed 21.2 21.6 18.4 + - - - 55.0 55.1 55.2
 Diaper child 47.5 48.7 39.0 *** - - - 47.0 48.0 39.1 ***
 Looks after the child on his own - - - 15.5 15.3 16.2 - - -
 Gets up at night for child 18.7 18.6 19.3 15.3 15.7 13.7 ** - - -
 Help child brush her/his teeth - - - - - - - - -
 Evening meal - - - - - - - - -
At least few times a week
 Give child a bath 37.7 38.1 34.4 36.1 38.1 29.4 *** 53.4 53.6 52.1
 Read books to child - - - - - - 26.5 26.9 24.1
 Play with the child 77.0 77.5 73.4 * - - - - - -
Summary indicator of all items1
 Low (1st tertile) 34.4 35.0 29.9 * 35.7 33.7 44.2 *** 33.9 33.2 39.3 *
 Medium (2nd tertile) 32.7 32.9 31.2 39.2 40.7 33.0 *** 34.5 34.7 32.3
 High (3rd tertile) 33.0 32.1 39.0 ** 25.1 25.6 22.7 + 31.7 32.1 28.4

Note:

+

p<.10;

*

p<.05;

**

p<.01;

***

p<.001.

1

The number of activities in each summary indicator was the following: 6 in Denmark; 4 in the United Kingdom; and, 6 in the United States.