Table 3.
Fathers’ involvement when children were less than one year old, by leave-taking and country
| ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denmark: involvement before age 1 | United Kingdom: involvement before age 1 | United States: involvement before age 1 | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||||
All | Took leave | No leave | p-value | All | Took leave | No leave | p-value | All | Took leave | No leave | p-value | |
| ||||||||||||
% | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | ||||
At least once a day | ||||||||||||
Feed child | 28.9 | 29.7 | 23.2 | ** | 24.5 | 25.0 | 22.5 | *** | 41.7 | 42.0 | 40.1 | |
Help child get dressed | - | - | - | - | - | - | 40.1 | 40.7 | 35.6 | * | ||
Get child to bed | 21.2 | 21.6 | 18.4 | + | - | - | - | 55.0 | 55.1 | 55.2 | ||
Diaper child | 47.5 | 48.7 | 39.0 | *** | - | - | - | 47.0 | 48.0 | 39.1 | *** | |
Looks after the child on his own | - | - | - | 15.5 | 15.3 | 16.2 | - | - | - | |||
Gets up at night for child | 18.7 | 18.6 | 19.3 | 15.3 | 15.7 | 13.7 | ** | - | - | - | ||
Help child brush her/his teeth | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Evening meal | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
At least few times a week | ||||||||||||
Give child a bath | 37.7 | 38.1 | 34.4 | 36.1 | 38.1 | 29.4 | *** | 53.4 | 53.6 | 52.1 | ||
Read books to child | - | - | - | - | - | - | 26.5 | 26.9 | 24.1 | |||
Play with the child | 77.0 | 77.5 | 73.4 | * | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Summary indicator of all items1 | ||||||||||||
Low (1st tertile) | 34.4 | 35.0 | 29.9 | * | 35.7 | 33.7 | 44.2 | *** | 33.9 | 33.2 | 39.3 | * |
Medium (2nd tertile) | 32.7 | 32.9 | 31.2 | 39.2 | 40.7 | 33.0 | *** | 34.5 | 34.7 | 32.3 | ||
High (3rd tertile) | 33.0 | 32.1 | 39.0 | ** | 25.1 | 25.6 | 22.7 | + | 31.7 | 32.1 | 28.4 |
Note:
p<.10;
p<.05;
p<.01;
p<.001.
The number of activities in each summary indicator was the following: 6 in Denmark; 4 in the United Kingdom; and, 6 in the United States.