Table 4.
Fathers’ involvement when children were 2 -3 years old, by leave-taking and country
| ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia: involvement at age 2-3 | United Kingdom: involvement at age 2-3 | United States: involvement at age 2-3 | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||||
All | Took leave | No leave | p-value | All | Took leave | No leave | p-value | All | Took leave | No leave | p-value | |
| ||||||||||||
% | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | ||||
At least once a day | ||||||||||||
Feed child | 30.9 | 31.5 | 26.3 | + | - | - | - | 42.9 | 43.0 | 42.0 | ||
Help child get dressed | 27.2 | 27.8 | 23.5 | + | - | - | - | 45.5 | 45.1 | 48.7 | ||
Get child to bed | 26.3 | 27.9 | 19.3 | *** | 23.5 | 24.1 | 21.3 | ** | 60.5 | 61.0 | 56.7 | |
Diaper child | 38.8 | 40.5 | 34.3 | ** | - | - | - | 41.8 | 42.3 | 38.0 | ||
Looks after the child on his own | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Gets up at night for child | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Help child brush her/his teeth | 20.0 | 21.4 | 13.9 | ** | - | - | - | 34.1 | 34.2 | 33.6 | ||
Evening meal | 54.8 | 53.5 | 55.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Take child outside to play | - | - | - | - | - | - | 29.3 | 29.1 | 30.2 | |||
At least few times a week | ||||||||||||
Give child a bath | 73.1 | 75.5 | 66.2 | *** | - | - | - | 23.2 | 23.2 | 23.4 | ||
Read books to child | - | - | - | 23.0 | 24.2 | 18.5 | *** | 43.4 | 45.0 | 30.3 | *** | |
Play with the child | - | - | - | 41.6 | 41.5 | 42.2 | - | - | - | |||
Summary indicator of all items1 | ||||||||||||
Low (1st tertile) | 29.0 | 24.3 | 30.5 | ** | 35.7 | 33.7 | 44.2 | *** | 33.9 | 33.2 | 39.3 | * |
Medium (2nd tertile) | 32.4 | 30.1 | 33.6 | 39.2 | 40.7 | 33 | *** | 34.5 | 34.7 | 32.3 | ||
High (3rd tertile) | 38.6 | 45.6 | 35.9 | *** | 25.1 | 25.6 | 22.7 | + | 31.7 | 32.1 | 28.4 |
Note:
p<.10;
p<.05;
p<.01;
p<.001.
The number of activities in each summary indicator was the following: 7 in Australia; 3 in the United Kingdom; and, 8 in the United States