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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 3.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Soc Secur. 2017 Mar 9;16(4):308–346. doi: 10.1177/138826271401600403

Table 4.

Fathers who took leave were more likely to be involved in child-care related tasks when children were 2 -3 years old than fathers who did not take leave.

Fathers’ involvement when children were 2 -3 years old, by leave-taking and country
Australia: involvement at age 2-3 United Kingdom: involvement at age 2-3 United States: involvement at age 2-3

All Took leave No leave p-value All Took leave No leave p-value All Took leave No leave p-value

% % % % % % % % %
At least once a day
 Feed child 30.9 31.5 26.3 + - - - 42.9 43.0 42.0
 Help child get dressed 27.2 27.8 23.5 + - - - 45.5 45.1 48.7
 Get child to bed 26.3 27.9 19.3 *** 23.5 24.1 21.3 ** 60.5 61.0 56.7
 Diaper child 38.8 40.5 34.3 ** - - - 41.8 42.3 38.0
 Looks after the child on his own - - - - - - - - -
 Gets up at night for child - - - - - - - - -
 Help child brush her/his teeth 20.0 21.4 13.9 ** - - - 34.1 34.2 33.6
 Evening meal 54.8 53.5 55.0 - - - - - -
 Take child outside to play - - - - - - 29.3 29.1 30.2
At least few times a week
 Give child a bath 73.1 75.5 66.2 *** - - - 23.2 23.2 23.4
 Read books to child - - - 23.0 24.2 18.5 *** 43.4 45.0 30.3 ***
 Play with the child - - - 41.6 41.5 42.2 - - -
Summary indicator of all items1
 Low (1st tertile) 29.0 24.3 30.5 ** 35.7 33.7 44.2 *** 33.9 33.2 39.3 *
 Medium (2nd tertile) 32.4 30.1 33.6 39.2 40.7 33 *** 34.5 34.7 32.3
 High (3rd tertile) 38.6 45.6 35.9 *** 25.1 25.6 22.7 + 31.7 32.1 28.4

Note:

+

p<.10;

*

p<.05;

**

p<.01;

***

p<.001.

1

The number of activities in each summary indicator was the following: 7 in Australia; 3 in the United Kingdom; and, 8 in the United States