Table 1.
Means and Std for Variables for Total Sample and by Relationship Status (N = 6,096 person years)
| Total Sample 100.0% | Married 64.6% | Cohabiting 12.8% | Dating 3.2% | Divorced 12.4% | Repartnered 7.1% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal parenting stress | 2.20 (0.66) | 2.18 (0.83) | 2.13* (0.54) | 2.19 (0.50) | 2.27**c (0.54) | 2.34***cfi (0.51) |
| Father’s parenting | ||||||
| Engagement (0 – 7) | 3.01 (2.12) | 3.60 (2.50) | 3.46* (1.37) | 2.37***c (1.41) | 0.80***cf (1.11) | 0.94***cf (1.14) |
| Routine care (1 – 4) | 3.13 (0.92) | 3.43 (0.76) | 3.47 (0.45) | 3.12***c (0.59) | 1.94***cf (0.77) | 1.82***cfi (0.70) |
| Cooperative coparenting (1 – 3) | 2.66 (0.47) | 2.81 (0.34) | 2.77*** (0.23) | 2.68***b (0.26) | 2.08***cf (0.48) | 2.07***cf (0.48) |
| Controls | ||||||
| Unemployed | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.19*** | 0.38***c | 0.25***bf | 0.27***be |
| Currently in prison | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.11***c | 0.07***c | 0.09***cf |
| Ever been in prison | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.28*** | 0.29*** | 0.31*** | 0.43***cfi |
| Have problems | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04*** | 0.05*** | 0.16***cf | 0.22***cfh |
| Number of children | 2.23 (1.19) | 2.20 (1.43) | 2.28* (0.98) | 2.73***c (1.12) | 2.28***f (0.98) | 2.10*cfi (0.99) |
| Child gender | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.50*** | 0.52*** | 0.49*** | 0.39*cfj |
| Child temperament | 2.62 (0.97) | 2.55 (1.21) | 2.80*** (0.77) | 2.87*** (0.73) | 2.66**cf (0.76) | 2.71 (0.85) |
| Child health | 4.52 (0.73) | 4.56 (0.91) | 4.36*** (0.67) | 4.53c (0.49) | 4.49*c (0.56) | 4.51cf (0.51) |
| Age | 27.51 (6.10) | 29.04 (7.11) | 24.69*** (4.35) | 23.70***b (3.88) | 26.01***cf (5.66) | 22.95***cfi (3.80) |
| Education | ||||||
| < high school | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.43*** | 0.42*** | 0.31***ce | 0.37***beg |
| High school diploma | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.41*** | 0.41*** | 0.41*** | 0.37*** |
| Some college | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.13*** | 0.17*a | 0.16***a | 0.19*cf |
| College degree+ | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.03*** | 0.00***c | 0.11***cf | 0.07***cfh |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 0.41 | 0.51 | 0.22*** | 0.13***c | 0.24*** | 0.28*** |
| Black | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.28*** | 0.64***c | 0.47***cf | 0.46***cf |
| Hispanic | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.44*** | 0.22**c | 0.27cd | 0.22***cfg |
| Other race | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.05*** | 0.02***c | 0.02***c | 0.03***be |
| Weekly work hours | 19.59 (18.86) | 18.68 (24.48) | 17.57 (14.35) | 17.08 (12.38) | 24.18***cf (14.75) | 24.65***cf (14.12) |
| Income-to-poverty ratio | 2.44 (1.79) | 3.01 (2.34) | 1.47*** (1.00) | 0.85***c (0.58) | 1.33***af (0.96) | 1.65***adi (1.03) |
| Mother’s health | 3.79 (1.01) | 3.90 (1.28) | 3.66*** (0.77) | 3.65*** (0.74) | 3.61*** (0.83) | 3.45***cfh (0.74) |
| Relationship at birth | ||||||
| Married | 0.66 | 0.90 | 0.07*** | 0.02***c | 0.40***cf | 0.32***cf |
| Cohabitation | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.74*** | 0.32***c | 0.22***cf | 0.22***cf |
| Dating | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.17*** | 0.55***c | 0.25***cf | 0.28***cf |
| Non-romantic | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.02*** | 0.12***c | 0.12***c | 0.18***cfi |
Differences are significant from married mothers at *p<. 05, **p <.01, and ***p <.001 levels.
Differences are significant from cohabitating mothers at ap<. 05, bp <.01, and cp <.001 levels.
Differences are significant from dating mothers at dp<. 05, ep <.01, and fp <.001 levels.
Differences are significant from divorced mothers at gp<. 05, hp <.01, and ip <.001 levels.
Divorced mothers include mothers who were no longer romantically involved with the father regardless of whether they had been married.