. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Fam Issues. 2015 Dec 30;38(8):1132–1156. doi: 10.1177/0192513X15623586

Table 2.

Random-Effects (RE) and Fixed-Effects (FE) Models for the Association Between Father Engagement and Maternal Parenting Stress (N = 6,096 Person-Years)

	Main Effects				Variation by Relationship Status

	RE		FE		RE		FE
	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Father engagement	−.033	.006^***	−.023	.007^***	−.034	.006^***	−.025	.007^***
Father engage x cohabitation					−.014	.012	−.006	.014
Father engage x dating					−.015	.024	−.008	.027
Father engage x divorced					.019	.021	.024	.024
Father engage x repartnered					.022	.018	.015	.022
Mother-father relationship
Cohabiting	.021	.030	.050	.036	.074	.052	.077	.063
Dating	−.015	.044	−.009	.052	.021	.074	.012	.083
Divorced	−.001	.030	.013	.035	−.019	.037	−.011	.044
Repartnered	.037	.035	.079	.042	.015	.043	.062	.050
Controls
Unemployed	.086	.025^***	.117	.029^***	.087	.025^***	.117	.028^***
Currently in prison	.033	.076	.000	.100	.039	.079	.010	.105
Ever been in prison	−.098	.033^**	−.156	.044^**	−.099	.033^**	−.155	.045^**
Have problems	.017	.038	−.029	.045	.023	.038	−.024	.045
Number of children	.006	.008	.000	.011	.006	.008	.000	.011
Child gender	−.021	.028			−.020	.028
Child temperament	.087	.014^***			.088	.014^***
Child health	.023	.013	.043	.015^**	.023	.013	.044	.015^**
Age	.003	.003			.003	.003
Education
< high school	.129	.038^***			.127	.038^***
Some college	.026	.039			.026	.039
College degree+	.177	.052^***			.177	.052^***
Race/ethnicity
Black	−.023	.039			−.022	.039
Hispanic	−.079	.039^*			−.079	.039^*
Other race	.133	.067^*			.134	.067^*
Weekly work hours	−.001	.000^**	.000	.001	−.001	.000^**	.000	.001
Income-to-poverty ratio	−.039	.008^***	−.054	.009^***	−.039	.008^***	−.054	.009^***
Mother’s health	−.027	.009^**	−.009	.011	−.026	.009^**	−.008	.011
Relationship status at birth
Cohabitation	−.067	.042			−.070	.042
Dating	−.054	.050			−.056	.050
Non-romantic	−.018	.065			−.016	.065
Wave 2	−.046	.014^**	−.056	.016^***	−.047	.014^**	−.057	.016^***
Wave 3	.077	.014^***	.068	.015^***	.076	.014^***	.067	.016^***
Intercept	2.014	.118^***			2.010	.119^***

Reference categories include married, father engagement x married, high school, white, married, and W1.

p <.05,

^**

p <.01;

^***

p <.001