. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Fam Issues. 2015 Dec 30;38(8):1132–1156. doi: 10.1177/0192513X15623586

Table 3.

Random-Effects (RE) and Fixed-Effects (FE) Models for the Association Between Father Participation in Child-Related Chores and Maternal Parenting Stress (N = 6,096 Person-Years)

	Main Effects				Variation by Relationship Status

	RE		FE		RE		FE
	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Father child-related chores	−.058	.013^***	−.057	.016^***	−.089	.022^***	−.089	.025^**
Father chores x cohabitation					−.031	.041	−.009	.049
Father chores x dating					.056	.046	.084	.053
Father chores x divorced					.072	.032^*	.073	.038
Father chores x repartnered					.073	.034^*	.071	.041
Mother-father relationship
Cohabiting	.025	.030	.053	.036	.144	.149	.099	.177
Dating	.009	.044	.005	.052	−.177	.152	−.268	.176
Divorced	−.002	.032	−.004	.037	−.193	.094^*	−.201	.111
Repartnered	.028	.038	.053	.045	−.161	.095	−.137	.112
Controls
Unemployed	.088	.025^***	.118	.028^***	.089	.025^***	.120	.028^***
Currently in prison	.024	.074	−.025	.099	.036	.076	−.008	.101
Ever been in prison	−.102	.033^**	−.167	.044^***	−.099	.033^**	−.159	.046^**
Have problems	.007	.038	−.042	.046	.022	.039	−.028	.047
Number of children	.003	.008	−.004	.011	.006	.008	.000	.011
Child gender	−.022	.028			−.023	.028
Child temperament	.089	.014^***			.089	.014^***
Child health	.019	.013	.042	.015^**	.021	.013	.043	.014^**
Age	.004	.003			.004	.003
Education
< high school	.129	.038^***			.125	.038^***
Some college	.027	.039			.030	.039
College degree+	.167	.053^**			.168	.053^**
Race/ethnicity
Black	−.004	.040			−.003	.040
Hispanic	−.067	.039			−.066	.039
Other race	.145	.068^*			.145	.068^*
Weekly work hours	−.001	.000^*	.000	.001	−.001	.000^*	.000	.001
Income-to-poverty ratio	−.042	.008^***	−.056	.009^***	−.042	.008^***	−.056	.009^***
Mother’s health	−.029	.009^**	−.009	.011	−.028	.009^**	−.008	.011
Relationship status at birth
Cohabitation	−.079	.042			−.085	.042^*
Dating	−.067	.050			−.069	.050
Non-romantic	−.027	.066			−.024	.066
Wave 2	−.061	.014^***	−.067	.016^***	−.062	.014^***	−.069	.016^***
Wave 3	.060	.014^***	.056	.015^***	.061	.014^***	.057	.015^***
Intercept	2.119	.130^***			2.205	.147^***

Reference categories include married, father engagement x married, high school, white, married, and W1.

p <.05,

^**

p <.01;

^***

p <.001