Table 1.
Basic clinical and biochemical characteristics of 357 type 2 diabetes mellitus study participants
| Clinical features | Group 1 (n = 258) | Group2 (n = 29) | Group 3 (n = 60) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 162/96 | 23/6 | 36/24 |
| Age (years) | 57.3 ± 12.3* | 64.0 ± 13.4* | 65.4 ± 9.3* |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 6 (1–10)* | 9 (1–13)* | 11 (6–18)* |
| Family history of T2DM (%) | 38.4 | 34.5 | 35.0 |
| Smoking (%) | 28.3 | 24.1 | 16.7 |
| Alcohol (%) | 15.1 | 20.7 | 11.7 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 28.7 | 13.8 | 20.0 |
| Height (cm) | 166.5 ± 8.4 | 161.8 ± 12.3 | 166.3 ± 7.8 |
| Weight (kg) | 69.5 ± 13.1 | 68.2 ± 7.6 | 66.5 ± 10.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 24.6 ± 2.36 | 23.5 ± 2.9 |
| Waist (cm) | 89.0 ± 10.1 | 89.0 ± 7.3 | 90.0 ± 8.7 |
| Hip (cm) | 96.4 ± 7.2 | 96.6 ± 5.0 | 96.1 ± 6.3 |
| WHR | 0.88 (0.8–0.9) | 0.9 (0.85–0.95) | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 125.9 ± 11.6 | 125.0 ± 14.5 | 129.3 ± 13 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.0 ± 2.0* | 7.5 ± 1.0* | 9.0 ± 2.2* |
| NSS score | 1 (0–4)* | 1 (0–2.5)* | 6 (5–7)* |
| NDS score | 1 (0–2)* | 7 (6–8)* | 5 (4–6)* |
| VPT value | 10.1 ± 5.8* | 15.7 ± 9.6* | 17.5 ± 8.5* |
| DSPN detected by Sudoscan (%) | 34.6* | 69.0* | 61.7* |
| Feet ESC value (μS) | 67.1 ± 16.6* | 57.8 ± 20.8* | 56.2 ± 20.3* |
| Hands ESC value (μS) | 66.4 ± 16.0* | 55.6 ± 20.0* | 61.1 ± 16.9* |
Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard deviation values and quartiles. *Significant difference between three groups (P < 0.05). Group 1, no diabetic neuropathy group; Group 2, asymptomatic neuropathy group; Group 3, symptomatic neuropathy group. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; NDS, Neuropathy Disability Score; NSS, Neuropathy Symptom Score; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; VPT, vibration threshold test; WHR, waist‐to‐hip ratio.