Table 1.
Baseline and demographic characteristics
| Insulin‐initiated group (n = 386) | Insulin‐delayed group (n = 1573) | Total (n = 1959) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 56.0 ± 12.0 | 57.3 ± 11.1 | 57.0 ± 11.3 | 0.0757 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 4.3 | 25.6 ± 3.5 | 25.7 ± 3.7 | 0.0154 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.7 ± 1.5 | 8.8 ± 0.9 | 9.0 ± 1.1 | <0.0001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 203.9 ± 75.8 | 171.7 ± 49.0 | 178.1 ± 56.8 | <0.0001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 8.5 ± 6.9 | 7.8 ± 6.2 | 7.9 ± 6.4 | 0.1191 |
| Microvascular complications, n (%) | 144 (37.3) | 513 (32.6) | 657 (33.5) | 0.0801 |
| Macrovascular complications, n (%) | 73 (18.9) | 259 (16.5) | 332 (17.0) | 0.2509 |
| Physician characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 43.5 ± 7.1 | 43.5 ± 7.4 | 43.5 ± 7.3 | 0.8489 |
| <40, n (%) | 123 (31.9) | 531 (33.8) | 654 (33.4) | <0.0001 |
| 40 to <50 | 204 (52.8) | 729 (46.3) | 933 (47.6) | |
| 50 to <60 | 45 (11.7) | 293 (18.6) | 338 (17.3) | |
| ≥60 | 14 (3.6) | 20 (1.3) | 34 (1.7) | |
| Male, n (%) | 296 (76.7) | 1022 (65.0) | 1318 (67.3) | <0.0001 |
| Specialty in medicine, n (%) | ||||
| Endocrinology | 346 (88.6) | 1468 (93.3) | 1814 (92.6) | 0.0131 |
| Internal medicine (others) | 40 (10.4) | 105 (6.7) | 145 (7.4) | |
| Patients consulted per month | 730.9 ± 336.3 | 757.6 ± 271.8 | 752.3 ± 285.8 | 0.1485 |
| <500, n (%) | 56 (14.5) | 152 (9.6) | 208 (10.6) | <0.0001 |
| 500 to <1000 | 258 (66.8) | 1286 (81.8) | 1544 (78.8) | |
| ≥1000 | 72 (18.7) | 135 (8.6) | 207 (10.6) | |
| No. beds in hospital | 780.2 ± 345.6 | 811.8 ± 410.0 | 806.1 ± 399.3 | 0.1480 |
| <500, n (%) | 30 (9.1) | 210 (14.1) | 240 (13.2) | 0.0072 |
| 500 to <1000 | 220 (66.9) | 1014 (67.8) | 1234 (67.6) | |
| ≥1000 | 79 (24.0) | 271 (18.1) | 350 (19.2) | |
| Work with diabetes education nurse, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 277 (71.8) | 1381 (87.8) | 1658 (84.6) | <0.0001 |
| No | 109 (28.2) | 192 (12.2) | 301 (15.4) | |
| Support ADA/EASD guideline, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 302 (78.2) | 1152 (73.2) | 1454 (74.2) | 0.0441 |
| No | 84 (21.8) | 421 (26.8) | 505 (25.8) | |
Unless specified otherwise, values are presented as means ± standard deviations.
ADA, American Diabetes Association; BMI, body mass index; EASD, European Association for the Study of Diabetes; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.