Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and controls
| Characteristics | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Without type 2 diabetes mellitus | P‐valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overweight T2DM (n = 20) | Non‐overweight T2DM (n = 53) | P‐value | Overweight individuals (n = 24) | Non‐overweight individuals (n = 33) | P‐value | ||
| Age, years (range) | 55 (41–76) | 53 (41–83) | NS | 48 (40–72) | 47 (38–61) | NS | <0.0001 |
| Sex (male/female) | 11/9 | 29/24 | NS | 4/20 | 8/25 | NS | 0.002 |
| Smoking (yes/no) | 4/16 | 27/26 | NS | 0/24 | 1/32 | NS | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol use (yes/no) | 7/13 | 26/27 | NS | 0/24 | 1/32 | NS | <0.0001 |
| BMI (range) | 25.3 (25–28.3) | 19.4 (13.6–21.7) | <0.0001 | 25.5 (25–32.9) | 18.7 (15.8–24.9) | <0.0001 | NS |
| WHR (range) | 0.92 (0.85–0.96) | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) | <0.0001 | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | 0.83 (0.73–0.92) | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L (range) | 16.5 (8.2–25) | 15 (7.1–29.8) | NS | 5.1 (3.8–5.5) | 5 (3.8–5.5) | NS | <0.0001 |
| Blood urea, mmol/L (range) | 5.5 (3.8–8.6) | 5.2 (2.5–9.2) | NS | 4.9 (2.5–51) | 5.2 (2.1–7.4) | NS | NS |
| Blood creatinine, µmol/L (range) | 82 (5.7–127) | 84 (55–121) | NS | 75 (49–110) | 68 (45–110) | NS | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L (range) | 3.9 (1.5–12) | 2.3 (0.5–11.8) | 0.01 | 1.5 (0.6–2.7) | 1.8 (0.7–6.9) | NS | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L (range) | 6.6 (4.6–8.7) | 5.7 (3.4–8.1) | 0.0018 | 4 (2.6–7.4) | 4.2 (2.6–6.8) | NS | <0.0001 |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L (range) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.97 (0.5–1.9) | 0.016 | 1.7 (0.8–2.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.2) | NS | <0.0001 |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L (range) | 3.2 (0.9–5.3) | 3.1 (1.4–5.4) | NS | 2.3 (1–3.6) | 2.4 (1.1–3.6) | NS | <0.0001 |
| Total bilirubin, µmol/L (range) | 13 (6.9–20) | 12.3 (2.1–21) | NS | 12.7 (5.7–18) | 14.8 (4.4–21.5) | NS | NS |
| GOT (AST), U/L (range) | 19.5 (8–35) | 19 (10–39) | NS | 25.5 (10–39) | 22 (11–36) | NS | NS |
| GPT (ALT), U/L (range) | 25 (10–39) | 23 (10–37) | NS | 30 (6–39) | 27 (10–39) | NS | NS |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (%) | 11 (6.8–13.2) | 10.6 (6.6–17) | NS | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Insulin, pmol/L (range) | 70 (14–133.7) | 40 (6.9–160) | 0.04 | 84 (18–118) | 12 (8–88) | <0.0001 | 0.05 |
| HOMA‐RI (range) | 45.8 (6.3–119.3) | 23 (4.7–125) | 0.028 | 19.7 (3.8–29.5) | 2.6 (2–2.9) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| QUICKI (range) | 0.5 (0.5–0.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | 0.016 | 0.5 (0.5–0.7) | 0.8 (0.5–0.9) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| HOMA‐β (range) | 124.2 (19–365.5) | 75.8 (8.8–650) | NS | 1147.6 (237.5–4000) | 157.1 (64–1563.6) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
a
Comparison between type 2 diabetes mellitus and non‐diabetes mellitus. BMI, body mass index; GOT, glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase (aspartate transaminase [AST]); GPT, glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase (aspartate transaminase [ALT]); HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein; HOMA‐β, homeostatic model assessment β‐cell function; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment ‐insulin resistance; NA, not applicable; NS, not significant; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; WHR, waist‐to‐hip ratio.