Table 3.
Results of univariate matrix regressions with randomization (MMRR) for genetic differentiation [F ST and F ST corrected for null alleles (F STNA)] in relation to different isolation‐by‐resistance (IBR) scenarios: geographical distance (IBD), contemporary topographic complexity (TC), current climate suitability (HS CUR), last glacial maximum climate suitability (HS LGM), climate suitability stability (HSSTA), and three paleogeographical models (Early Tortonian, c. 12.0–11.6 Mya; Late Tortonian, c. 8.0–7.3 Mya; Earliest Messinian, c. 7.2–7.0 Mya)
| Model | F ST | F STNA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r 2 | β | t | p | r 2 | β | t | p | |
| IBD | .298 | .824 | 7.543 | .004 | .273 | .811 | 7.097 | .011 |
| TC | .299 | .826 | 7.561 | .006 | .274 | .814 | 7.118 | .021 |
| HSCUR | .031 | .163 | 2.084 | .264 | .055 | .224 | 2.815 | .086 |
| HSLGM | .220 | .446 | 6.16 | .051 | .194 | .429 | 5.662 | .064 |
| HSSTA | .210 | .432 | 5.978 | .053 | .185 | .417 | 5.521 | .062 |
| Early Tortonian | .115 | .320 | 4.180 | .063 | .096 | .301 | 3.780 | .055 |
| Late Tortonian | .101 | .296 | 3.886 | .066 | .084 | .278 | 3.522 | .052 |
| Earliest Messinian | .088 | .278 | 3.612 | .065 | .072 | .258 | 3.237 | .062 |
For paleogeographical models, we considered high resistance values for sea water (=100) and low for emerged lands (=1). Table shows the results based on the 17 populations presumably located on permanently emerged lands since the Late Miocene.