Table 3.
Genes overexpressed in different crops for higher phosphorus use efficiency
| Gene | Major functions | References |
|---|---|---|
| Proton-pyrophosphatase gene AVP1/AVP1D (AVP1DOX) | Enhances phosphorus acquisition, root branching and overall mass in Arabidopsis, rice, and tomato | [109–111] |
| GmACP1 | Overexpression in soybean hairy roots increase phosphorus efficiency by 11–20 % | [112] |
| ZmPTF1 | Improves low phosphorus tolerance in maize by regulating carbon metabolism and root growth | [104] |
| OsPTF1 | Results in a 30 % increase in the phosphorus content in transgenic plants | [100] |
| OsPht1-8 | Involved in phosphorus allocation and remobilization | [29] |
| AtPHR1, OsPHR1, OsPHR2 | Enhance the expression of different phosphorus transporters and increases shoot phosphorus concentration | [105, 106, 113] |
| OsPT1, OsPT6 | Increase phosphorus acquisition and shoot phosphorus accumulation | [114, 115] |
| LaGPX-PDE1, LaGPX-PDE2 | Regulate root hair development and enhance glycerophosphodiester turnover | [116] |
| AtPHO1, AtPHO1-H1, AtPHO1-H10 | Increase phosphorus acquisition during phosphorus starvation | [117] |
| GmEXPB2 | Increases phosphorus acquisition by enhancing lateral root elongation | [118] |
| AtPAP15 | Enhances intracellular APase activity in the leaves and increases phosphorus use efficiency and yield | [59] |
| PvPS2-2 | Increases phosphorus acquisition efficiency by increasing root dry weight, root hair numbers and total phosphorus content in root hairs | [119] |
| LASAP2, OsPAP10a (NC_008394.4) | Increase dry matter production and phosphorus accumulation under phosphorus-deficient conditions | [120] |
| TIR1 | Stimulates lateral root formation upon phosphorus starvation | [121] |
| AtAVP1OX, LeAVP1D-1, LeAVP1D-2 | Increase the density of root hairs during phosphorus starvation | [65] |
| At2g01060 | Increases shoot phosphorus accumulation irrespective of phosphorus supplies | [122] |