Table 3. Removal of Prioritized Shale Gas-Related Organic Compounds via Selected FPW Treatment Processesa.
| technology | VOCs | PAHs | phthalates | ADBAC | 2-BE | organohalogens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| flotation | + to + +61 | + to + +64 | ND | ND | ND | +62 |
| coagulation/flocculation | ++65 | ++64,65 | ++66 | ND | –51 | –69 |
| electrocoagulation | ND | ++73 | +++72 | ND | ND | –71 |
| membrane separation (nanofiltration & reverse osmosis) | + to + +75 | +++78 | +++77 | +++79 | -80 | + to + ++75,76 |
| thermal distillation (VCD, MSF, dewvaporation) | ++55 | ++84 | ND | ND | ND | +++83 |
| MPPE | +++96,97 | +++96,97 | ND | ND | ND | +++96,97 |
| aerobic biodegradation | + to + +65,114 | + to + +65,115,116 | +118−120 | ++ to + ++121−123 | +++125,126 | ++127−129b |
| anaerobic biodegradation | + to + +113 | - to + +115 | +119 | ++121−123 | +++125 | |
| MBR | +++132,133,136 | +++132,133 | +120 | ND | ND | + to + ++134 |
a
– removal <20%; + removal 20–50%; + + removal 50–90%; + ++ removal >90%.
b
Removal attributed to the subsequent application of anaerobic and aerobic treatment.