Table 1.
Common nephrotoxicants and the mechanism (s) of action
| Class | Agent | Mechanism of renal injury | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Analgesics (NSAIDs) | Acetaminophen, Aspirin | a, b, d and e | (Perneger et al., 1994; Fored et al., 2001; Rossert, 2001) |
| Antibiotics: *Aminoglycosides Amphotericin B **β-lactam | *Gentamicin **Cephalosporins, penicillins | *f f **a and e | (Prendergast and George, 1993; Rossert, 2001; Markowitz et al., 2003; Graham et al., 2004) |
| Antihistamines | Doxylamine, Diphenhydramine | F | (Coco and Klasner, 2004) |
| Antiretrovirals | Adefovir, cidofovir Indinavir | g, a, c | (Rossert, 2001) |
| Cardiovasculars | Statins, Clopidogrel ACE and ARBs | f, h, d | (Pisoni et al., 2001; Palmaer, 2002; Graham et al., 2004; Manor et al., 2004; Perazella, 2005) |
| Chemotherapeutics | Cisplatin, Mitomycin-C | b and g, g and h | (Appel, 2002) |
| CNS stimulants | Caffeine, cocaine etc | F | (Prendergast and George, 1993; Markowitz et al., 2003) |
| Diuretics | Thiazides Triamterene | a c | (Rossert, 2001; Markowitz and Perazella, 2005) |
| Heavy metals | Cd, Pb, Hg, U | a, d, e and f | (Perazella, 1999; Tarloff, 2001) |
| Immunosuppresives | Sirolimus, calcineurin inhibitors | a and g | (Olyaei et al., 1999; Mark, 2009) |