Table 3.
Commonly used nephroprotective plants in Nigeria and South Africa
| Plant name | Part used | Implicated active principle(s) | Country | Reference (s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adansoni digitata | Leaves, fruit pulp, bark | Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, vitamin C | Nigeria | (Olowokudejo et al., 2008; Adebisi et al., 2012; Kadiri et al., 2015) |
| Aerva lanata | Whole plant | Phenols, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phytosterols | Nigeria | (Olowokudejo et al., 2008; Guarav et al., 2013) |
| Agathosma betulina Berg. | Leaves | Flavonoids | South Africa | (Posthumus et al., 1996; Simpson, 1998) |
| Allium sativum L. | Cloves | Phenols, flavonoids | Both | (Al-Qattan et al., 2008) |
| Annanas comosus | Whole plant | Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, phytosterols, glycosides, amino acids | Nigeria | (Kataki, 2010; Kadiri et al., 2015) |
| Arachis hypogaea | Nuts, leaves | Glycosides, phenols, saponins | Nigeria | (Borokini et al., 2013; Rajinikanth et al., 2013; Kadiri et al., 2015) |
| Azadirachta indica | Leaves | Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins | Nigeria | (Harry-Asobara and Samson, 2014; Kadiri et al., 2015) |
| Bixa orellana L. | Seeds, leaves | Alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, steroids, saponins | Nigeria | (Tamil et al., 2011; Dike et al., 2012) |
| Canarium Schweinfurthii | Stem-bark, fruits, leaves | Tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides | Nigeria | (Okwuosa et al., 2009; Ayoade et al., 2015) |
| Canna indica L. | Leaves, root | Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, tannins, saponins, phlobatannins | Nigeria | (Dike et al., 2012; Ali, 2015) |
| Carica papaya L. | Leaves, seeds | Alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins | Nigeria | (Olagunju et al., 2009; Subal et al., 2010; Dike et al., 2012) |
| Citrullus colocynthis | Seed shaft | Alkaloids, flavonoids | Nigeria | (Dallak and Bin-Jaliah, 2010; Komolafe et al., 2013) |
| Croton zambesicus Muell Arg. | Root | Alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides | Nigeria | (Jude et al., 2011) |
| Ekebergia capensis | Leaves | Saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins | South Africa | (Fitzpatrick et al., 1995) |
| Ficus exasperata Vahl | Leaves | Saponins, steroids, glycosides, tannins | Nigeria | (Shagal et al., 2011; Dike et al., 2012) |
| Ficus mucuso | Leaves | Flavonoids, monoterpenoids | Nigeria | (Gojayev et al., 2011; Komolafe et al., 2013) |
| Ficus thonningii | Leaves | Alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, tannins | Both | (Musabayane et al., 2007; Usman et al., 2009) |
| Foeniculum vulgare L. | Leaves | Phytoestrogens | South Africa | (Musabayane, 2012) |
| Gongronema latifolium | Leaves | Flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols | Nigeria | (Ugochukwu et al., 2003; Ezeonwu and Dahiru, 2013) |
| Harpagophytum procumbens | Tubers | Phenols, flavonoids | South Africa | (Joffe, 2005; Motlhanka, 2012) |
| Harungana madagascariensis L. | Root | Glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and tannins | Nigeria | (Okoli et al., 2002; Adeneye et al., 2008) |
| Helichrysum ceres S. | Leaves | Polyphenols, tannins, triterpenes, saponins | South Africa | (Musabayane et al., 2003) |
| Ipomoea batatas | Tubers | Triterpenes, steroids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols | Nigeria | (Márcia et al., 2011; Borokini et al., 2013) |
| Launaea taraxacifolia | Leaves | Cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids | Nigeria | (Adinortey et al., 2012; Borokini et al., 2013) |
| Mallotus oppositifolius Mull. Arg. | Leaves | Flavonols | Nigeria | (Iwu, 2000; Dike et al., 2012) |
| Mangifera indica L. | Leaves, bark | Saponin, steroids, tannin, flavonoid, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone | Nigeria | (Aiyelagbe et al., 2009; Dike et al., 2012; Kadiri et al., 2015) |
| Morinda lucida | Leaves, bark | Alkaloids, tannins, saponins | Nigeria | (Chukwuemeka et al., 2013; Kadiri et al., 2015) |
| Ocimum gratissimum | Leaves | Polyphenols, flavonoids, fatty acids | Nigeria | (Ezeonwu and Dahiru, 2013; Venuprasad et al., 2014) |
| Olea europaea L. | Leaves | Triterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides | South Africa | (Benavente-Garcia et al., 2000; Bennani-Kabchi et al., 2000) |
| Opuntia megacantha | Leaves | Phenols, flavonoids | South Africa | (Bwititi et al., 2001) |
| Parkia biglobosa | Leaves | Tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids | Nigeria | (Ajaiyeoba, 2002; Kadiri et al., 2015) |
| Persea Americana Mill. | Leaves | Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides | Both | (Owolabi et al., 2010; Yasir et al., 2010) |
| Pseudocedrela kotschyi | Leaves, root | Alkaloids, flavonoids | Nigeria | (Ojewale et al., 2014) |
| Psidium guajava | Leaves | Glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids | Nigeria | (Komolafe et al., 2013) |
| Sclerocarya birrea | Stem-bark | Alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, vitamin C | South Africa | (Gondwe et al., 2008) |
| Sida acuta | Leaves, root | Alkaloids, phytosterols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins | Nigeria | (Borokini et al., 2013) |
| Sutherlandia frutescens | Leaves | Amino butyric acid, flavonol, glycosides, triterpenoid, saponins | South Africa | (Herbert, 2006; van Wyk and Albrecht, 2008) |
| Syzigium spp. | Seeds | Flavonoids | South Africa | (Mapanga et al., 2009) |
| Terminalia catapa | Leaves, bark | Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids | Nigeria | (Muhammad and Mudi, 2011; Kadiri et al., 2015) |
| Uvaria afzelii | Leaves, bark | Tannins, saponins, cardenolides, alkaloids | Nigeria | (Olowokudejo et al., 2008; Temitope et al., 2014) |
| Vernonia amygdalina | Leaves | Tannins, flavonoids | Nigeria | (Eleyinmi et al., 2008; Komolafe et al., 2013) |
| Zea mays | Silk | β-carotene, ascorbic acid, thymol, cinnamic acid, betaine | Both | (Sabiu et al., 2016a, b) |