Table 1. Demographic characteristics of HC and TRD populations.
| HC | TRD | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paricipants, n (%) | 26 (44%) | 33 (56%) | |
| Gender (M/F) | 14/14 | 21/14 | 0.303 |
| Age at enrollment | 39.0±11.1 | 44.8±13.6 | 0.082 |
| Body mass index | 27.2±5.3 | 28.2±6.2 | 0.189 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.062 | ||
| Caucasian | 12 (46%) | 25 (76%) | |
| African-American | 8 (31%) | 4 (12%) | |
| Other | 6 (23%) | 4 (12%) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.390 | ||
| Hispanic | 4 (14%) | 2 (6%) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 22 (85%) | 31 (94%) | |
| Depression history | |||
| # Lifetime MDE | — | 4.71±7.3 | |
| # Failed AD trials | — | 5.21±2.7 | |
| Failed SSRI, n (%) | — | 28 (80%) | |
| Failed SNRI, n (%) | — | 23 (66%) | |
| Failed atypical AD, n (%) | — | 21 (60%) | |
| Failed MAOI, n (%) | — | 8 (23%) | |
| Failed tricyclic, n (%) | — | 7 (20%) | |
| Failed ECT, n (%) | — | 5 (14%) | |
| Hx of augmentation trial, n (%) | — | 18 (51%) | |
| Hx of suicide attempt | — | 8 (23%) | |
| Past SUD, n (%) | — | 2 (6%) | |
| Hx anxiety disorder, n (%) | — | 7 (20%) | |
| Baseline MADRS score | — | 33.0±4.4 | |
| Baseline QIDS-SR score | 3.5±3.5 | 17.9±4.4 | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: AD, antidepressant; ECT, electroconvulsive therapy; HC, healthy control; MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor; MDE, major depressive episode; QIDS-SR, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - Self Report; SNRI, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SUD, substance use disorder; TRD, treatment-resistant depression.
Anxiety disorder is defined as diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder or panic disorder. Differences in categorical variables were analyzed with χ2 analysis, and continuous variables compared with t-test.