Table 2. Values of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors from HC and TRD subjects.
| HC | TRD | Mean difference | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean pg ml−1 (s.e.m.) | Mean pg ml−1 (s.e.m.) | |||
| IL-6 | 5.30 (2.07) | 6.99 (2.45) | 1.69 | 0.004** |
| IL-1α | 66.57 (25.19) | 196.79 (65.96) | 130.23 | 0.083 |
| IL-1β | 1.54 (0.28) | 5.69 (2.58) | 4.15 | 0.119 |
| TNF-α | 5.67 (0.97) | 10.71 (4.43) | 5.04 | 0.45 |
| EGF | 75.83 (15.98) | 99.80 (12.85) | 23.97 | 0.237 |
| Eotaxin | 108.85 (9.92) | 130.07 (9.20) | 21.22 | 0.107 |
| FGF-2 | 36.14 (8.35) | 54.28 (12.05) | 18.14 | 0.549 |
| FLT3L | 7.48 (3.42) | 18.79 (8.72) | 11.31 | 0.466 |
| Fractalkine | 40.39 (15.18) | 136.08 (38.69) | 95.69 | 0.073 |
| G-CSF | 33.08 (14.68) | 45.52 (12.05) | 12.43 | 0.037* |
| GM-CSF | 13.40 (5.48) | 44.66 (12.13) | 31.26 | 0.02* |
| GRO | 4456.84 (1145.12) | 2034.05 (558.59) | −2422.79 | 0.153 |
| IFN2a | 22.24 (7.74) | 59.71 (29.79 | 37.47 | 0.098 |
| IFNr | 43.60 (10.82) | 81.43 (24.47) | 37.83 | 0.315 |
| IL-10 | 5.98 (3.08) | 9.68 (5.39) | 3.70 | 0.462 |
| IL-12P40 | 53.50 (30.33) | 40.81 (14.03) | −12.69 | 0.327 |
| IL-12P70 | 4.92 (1.96) | 10.92 (6.21) | 6.00 | 0.144 |
| IL-13 | 86.56 (37.40) | 102.34 (32.64) | 15.78 | 0.424 |
| IL-15 | 6.27 (2.31) | 8.74 (2.71) | 2.47 | 0.559 |
| IL-17a | 11.09 (2.79) | 20.51 (6.14) | 9.43 | 0.329 |
| Il-1ra | 109.80 (53.92) | 139.40 (41.91) | 29.60 | 0.089 |
| IL-2 | 3.78 (1.21) | 6.80 (2.40) | 3.02 | 0.331 |
| IL-3 | 1.08 (0.08) | 1.09 (0.08) | 0.01 | 0.963 |
| IL-4 | 3.14 (1.05) | 10.86 (4.43) | 7.71 | 0.199 |
| IL-5 | 10.66 (4.54) | 12.16 (4.06) | 1.50 | 0.678 |
| IL-7 | 5.68 (1.65) | 6.48 (1.48) | 0.81 | 0.716 |
| IL-8 | 25.61 (8.15) | 38.75 (8.77) | 13.13 | 0.236 |
| IL-9 | 2.76 (2.76) | 3.83 (0.98) | 1.07 | 0.316 |
| IP-10 | 211.84 (21.32) | 220.81 (20.05) | 8.96 | 0.775 |
| MCP-1 | 499.79 (53.26) | 653.34 (58.29) | 153.55 | 0.023* |
| MCP-3 | 72.23 (28.07) | 102.22 (30.73) | 29.99 | 0.484 |
| MDC | 835.68 (46.30) | 950.18 (58.70) | 114.50 | 0.71 |
| Mip-1a | 43.83 (29.20) | 41.97 (22.64) | −1.86 | 0.43 |
| Mip-1b | 42.30 (12.11) | 59.41 (12.73) | 17.11 | 0.154 |
| PDGF-AA | 6384.27 (488.03) | 7016.83 (424.69) | 632.56 | 0.475 |
| PDGF-BB | 9524.58 (632.18) | 11599.79 (454.07) | 2075.21 | 0.005** |
| RANTES | 2044.88 (204.00) | 1892.45 (160.82) | −152.43 | 0.527 |
| scd40L | 2900.64 (411.10) | 3730.59 (393.14) | 829.95 | 0.088 |
| TGF-α | 3.73 (1.19) | 10.05 (4.71) | 6.31 | 0.175 |
| TNF-β | 155.66 (70.85) | 207.64 (70.80) | 51.98 | 0.434 |
| VEGF | 209.76 (41.59) | 289.16 (50.67) | 79.40 | 0.086 |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor 2; HC, healthy control; IL, interleukin; TRD, treatment-resistant depression.
All concentrations are presented as pg ml−1. Mean difference is calculated as raw difference of means with a positive value indicating higher levels in TRD (TRD–HC). P-values are derived from regression analyses of log-transformed data. *P<0.05; **P<0.01.