Table 2. Associations between predicted and observed telomere length and different cognitive traits.

Cognitive trait	ENGAGEa			CHARGE
	Predicted effect (IV-trait)			Predicted effect (IV-trait)
	N	Beta (95% CI)	P-value	N	Beta (95% CI)	P-value
MMSE	7066	0.291 (−0.05, 0.631)	0.095
DSST	4419	−0.016 (−0.437, 0.405)	0.941	32 088	2.021b	0.043
BLOCK	5001	−0.192 (−0.594, 0.21)	0.349
MEMORY	13 060	−0.022 (−0.264, 0.22)	0.860
STROOP	2940	−0.598 (−1.125, −0.072)	0.026	7726	−0.780b	0.435
General	12 283	0.039 (−0.229, 0.306)	0.778	53 949	0.086 (0.016, 0.156)	0.016
Cognitive trait	Observed effect (TL-trait)
	Diff-P-value	Beta (95% CI)	P-value
MMSE	0.13	0.025 (0.002, 0.047)	0.030
DSST	0.76	0.051 (0.024, 0.077)	0.0002
BLOCK	0.34	0.004 (−0.024, 0.032)	0.781
MEMORY	0.79	0.011 (−0.005, 0.028)	0.187
STROOP	0.04	−0.053 (−0.087, −0.018)	0.003
General	0.89	0.020 (−0.008, 0.047)	0.156

Abbreviations: BLOCK, Block-design test; CI, confidence interval; Diff-P-value, tests for difference in estimators between observed and predicted effects; DSST, Digit-symbol substitution test; General, General cognitive performance; IV, instrumental variable; MEMORY, Verbal memory or Picture learning test; MMSE, Mini-mental state exam; STROOP, Stroop color word task interference score; TL, telomere length.

^aAll models are adjusted for age group and sex. No adjustments for multiple testing have been done on the reported P-values.

^bZ-scores, effect sizes are missing.