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. 2017 Apr 25;7(4):e1109. doi: 10.1038/tp.2017.77

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

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Association of the 15q11.2(BP1–BP2) deletion group and subgroups of NoCNV with cognitive traits, GAF, ARHQ, AMHQ and functional MRI test scores. (a) Average standardized scores for 15q11.2(BP1–BP2) deletion, DLX&DC and NoCNV without (w/o) learning difficulties. (b) Average standardized scores for DLXonly, DConly and NoCNV w/o learning difficulties. (c) Mean accuracy for fMRI phonological lexical decision tasks (words) and multiplication verification tasks (mult) for 15q11.2(BP1–BP2) deletion, DLXonly, DConly, DLX&DC and NoCNV. The tests are verbal IQ (V-IQ); performance IQ (P-IQ); logical memory I and II (LM I and II); letter fluency (LF); category fluency (CF); Stroop (the difference between the time it takes to name the color of the ink of a word that is actually the name of another color and to name the color of colorpads); trail making test (TMT), TMT trail B–TMT trail A; perseverative errors in the Wisconsin card sorting test (Pers. Err); spatial working memory (SWM); rapid visual information processing (RVIP); TMT trail A (TMT-A); Str-bl (Stroop: time it takes to read the names of colors written in black ink); global assessment of function (GAF); adult reading history questionnaire (ARHQ); adult mathematical history questionnaire (AMHQ). Word experiment: orthographic familiar forms of Icelandic nouns (W); phonologically correct but orthographically unfamiliar forms of the same word (PH); phonologically and orthographically unfamiliar forms (PW); false fonts (FF). Multiplication experiment: correct equation (C); incorrect equation (NC); false equation (F). See previous study¹¹ for more information about tests in a and b, and the functional MRI section below for more information about tests in c. Error bars represent standard error. Impairment is in s.d. units. The sample size given in the figure legend for a and b refer to the number of subjects with available scores. Some individual scores are missing. The sample size for each test is given in Supplementary Table 2. CNV, copy number variation; DC, dyscalculic; DConly, dyscalculic but not dyslexic; DLX, dyslexic; DLX&DC, dyslexic and dyscalculic; DLXonly, dyslexic but not dyscalculic; IQ, intelligence quotient; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.