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ER stressors affect ER membrane formation. Various stressors cause ER stress directly or indirectly and subsequently UPR. Many of these are connected to redox imbalance. Through alterations in protein and lipid homeostasis and in autophagy, the UPR can affect ER membrane turnover. The UPR is also connected to cellular signaling, which is in turn connected to the actual state of biotransformation, xeno-/endobiotics exposition.
