Loss of CtBP1 impairs pituitary cell growth. A, Western blotting of CtBP expression in GH4 cells stably transfected with scramble shRNA (clones 2 and 3) or CtBP1-specific shRNA sequences (clones 9 and 16). CtBP2 expression is unaffected by CtBP1 knockdown. B, Densitometric quantification of CtBP1 protein reduction normalized to actin. The sd of three independent experiments are depicted by error bars. Significance using a paired, two-tailed Student's t test is shown. C, GH4 cell growth was monitored by counting cell numbers on d 3 and 6 after seeding 1 × 106 cells. The growth curves for control and CtBP1-knockdown cells represent cell counts performed in triplicate. D, Bar graph indicating the number of cells on d 6 of the assay where the mean of three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate, is shown. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue staining. Error bars depict sd; significance according to the Student's paired t test is indicated.