Table 3.
Univariate analysis of selected variables for Buruli ulcer disease in communities along the Densu river basin, Community-matched case-control study
| Parameters | No. of cases (N, %) | No. of controls (N, %) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Primary | 90 (51) | 86 (49) | 1.09 (0.71–1.70) | 0.7492 |
| Secondary | 34 (19) | 48 (27) | 073 (0.43–1.25) | 0.2525 |
| Tertiary | 7 (4) | 25 (14) | 0.25 (0.09–0.62) | < 0.0014 |
| No education | 45 (26) | 20 (11) | 2.67 (1.46–5.03) | < 0.0009 |
| Occupation | ||||
| Artisan | 3 (2) | 8 (5) | 1.09 | 0.7492 |
| Student | 44 (25) | 54 (31) | 0.75 | 0.2845 |
| Farmer | 77 (44) | 46 (26) | 2.19 (1.37–3.53) | < 0.001 |
| Trader | 14 (8) | 18 (10) | 0.76 | 0.5787 |
| Fisherman/woman | 5 (3) | 3 (2) | 1.68 | 0.7234 |
| Miner | 25 (14) | 18 (10) | 1.45 | 0.3288 |
| Civil servant | 8 (5) | 29 (16) | 0.24 (0.09–0.56) | < 0.001 |
| Household environment | ||||
| Mud wall: yes/no | 77 (44) | 68 (39) | 0.448 | |
| Mud floor: yes/no | 38 (22) | 39 (22) | 0.699 | |
| Within < 1 km vs. > 1 km to river basin | 46 (26) | 42 (24) | 0.924 | |
| Agricultural plantation in the immediate environment: yes/no | 66 (38) | 65 (37) | 0.912 | |
| Bush in the immediate environment: yes/no | 158 (90) | 152 (86) | 0.324 | |
| Swamp in the immediate environment: yes/no | 88 (50) | 95 (54) | 0.595 | |
| Woods in the immediate environment: yes/no | 79 (45) | 69 (39) | 0.280 | |
| Source of drinking water | ||||
| Borehole | 140 (80) | 133 (76) | 0.369 | |
| River/stream | 14 (8) | 10 (6) | 0.526 | |
| Sachet | 21 (11) | 32 (18) | 0.097 | |
| Hand dug well | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 1.000 | |
| Source of water for bathing | ||||
| Borehole | 154 (88) | 154 (88) | 0.893 | |
| River/stream | 19 (10) | 20 (11) | 1.000 | |
| Hand dug well | 3 (2) | 2 (1) | 1.000 | |
| Source of water for cooking | ||||
| Borehole | 153 (87) | 154 (88) | 0.986 | |
| River/stream | 21 (12) | 20 (11) | 1.000 | |
| Hand dug well | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 1.000 | |
| Domestic activities | ||||
| Washing clothes around site: yes/no | 36 (20) | 19 (10) | 2.12 (1.12–4.11) | 0.013 |
| Passing through river to destination: yes/no | 60 (34) | 34 (19) | 2.16 (1.29–3.64) | 0.004 |
| Agricultural/mining activities | ||||
| Farming/mining in swamps: yes/no | 126 (71) | 76 (43) | 3.30 (2.08–5.29) | < 0.001 |
| Farming/ mining around river/stream: yes/no | 46 (26) | 35 (20) | 0.164 | |
| Wearing long upper body cloth to farm/mine: yes/no | 13 (7) | 36 (20) | 0.31 (0.14–0.63) | < 0.001 |
| Wearing short upper body cloth to farm/mine: yes/no | 163 (93) | 42 (24) | 39.43 (19.91–83.58) | < 0.001 |
| Wearing trouser to farm/mine: yes/no | 80 (45) | 132 (75) | 0.28 (0.17–0.45) | < 0.001 |
| Wearing short dress to farm/mine: yes/no | 80 (45) | 150 (85) | 14.1 (0.08–25.5) | < 0.001 |
| Insect bite | ||||
| Receive insect bites in river/home: yes/no | 174 (99) | 48 (27) | 227.58 (58.02–1,999.04) | < 0.001 |
| Use of mosquito net: yes/no | 28 (16) | 132 (75) | 0.25 (0.14–0.42) | < 0.001 |
| Use of mosquito coil: yes/no | 82 (46) | 94 (53) | 0.286 | |
| Wound management | ||||
| Washing wounds with water/soap: yes/no | 37 (21) | 60 (34) | 0.52 (0.31–0.85) | 0.012 |
| Robbing wounds with alcohol: yes/no | 23 (13) | 38 (22) | 0.55 (0.29–0.99) | 0.067 |
| Wrapping wounds with leaves: yes/no | 75 (43) | 28 (16) | 3.91 (2.32–6.74) | < 0.001 |
| Applying adhesive bandage on wounds: yes/no | 56 (32) | 93 (53) | 0.42 (0.26–0.66) | < 0.001 |