Signaling pathways used by gonadotropins to activate the AMH promoter. A, Diagram of the signaling pathways activated by cAMP. B–D, Signaling pathways used by cAMP, FSH, and LH to stimulate the AMH promoter. KK1 cells were transfected with 1 μg of −3068hAMH-luc construct alone (B) or with the FSH receptor (C) or LH receptor (D) and stimulated during 48 h, with cAMP (1 mm) (B), FSH (1 IU/ml) (C), or LH (1 IU/ml) (D) in the absence or presence of inhibitors of PI3K (LY29402; 25 μm), MAPK (PD98059; 20 μm), p38 MAPK (SB203580; 20 μm), and PKA (H89; 10 μm). Results are expressed as percentage of stimulation and compared with the effect obtained in the same conditions without inhibitor (control). Data shown correspond to the mean ± sem of at least three experiments, each done in triplicate. Comparisons of means between different experimental conditions were made by repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by Dunnett post hoc test to compare all vs. control. NS, Not significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.