Table 4. Baseline values of clinical variables and sphingolipids levels in the lean-sick and healthy obese group, comparing individuals with incident and non-incident T2DM after 5 years.
| Lean (n = 203) | Obese (n = 199) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No T2DM at follow-up (n = 122) |
T2DM at follow-up (n = 81) |
p Value (Baseline) |
No T2DM at follow-up (n = 111) |
T2DM at follow-up (n = 88) |
p Value (Baseline) |
||
| Age (years) | 56.24 (9.51) | 57.17 (10.32) | 0.579 | 56.31 (9.05) | 57.13 (8.83) | 0.519 | |
| Sex (female (%)) | 42 (34.42) | 27 (33.33) | - | 53 (47.75) | 40 (45.45) | - | |
| BMI | 24.70 (1.64) | 24.74 (1.63) | 0.849 | 33.47 (2.97) | 33.54 (2.96) | 0.876 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.83 (8.71) | 89.62 (7.93) | 0.126 | 106.64 (9.04) | 109.81 (9.25) | 0.016 | |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.88 (0.07) | 0.90 (0.07) | 0.076 | 0.93 (0.07) | 0.96 (0.06) | 0.004 | |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.66 (1.01) | 5.76 (1.03) | 0.509 | 5.86 (1.15) | 5.84 (1.13) | 0.922 | |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.46 (0.95) | 3.30 (1.09) | 0.564 | 3.62 (0.97) | 3.53 (0.91) | 0.478 | |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.58 (0.40) | 1.61 (0.42) | 0.698 | 1.41 (0.39) | 1.36 (0.33) | 0.286 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.36 (0.83) | 1.87 (2.51) | 0.024 | 1.81 (0.86) | 2.18 (1.50) | 0.047 | |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.81 (0.50) | 6.11 (0.51) | 5. 82E-05 | 5.74 (0.54) | 6.20 (0.51) | 3.19E-09 | |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 7.12 (4.36) | 7.59 (5.79) | 0.728 | 13.32 (6.10) | 15.21 (8.07) | 0.071 | |
| HOMA-IR | 2.08 (1.10) | 2.37 (1.52) | 0.373 | 3.42 (1.65) | 4.21 (2.29) | 0.008 | |
| Systolic BP | 131.59 (15.75) | 134.80 (18.79) | 0.239 | 133.98 (14.17) | 140.25 (18.70) | 0.010 | |
| Diastolic BP | 81.17 (9.96) | 80.59 (12.05) | 0.603 | 83.69 (10.04) | 86.86 (11.20) | 0.040 | |
| Adiponectin (mg/l) | 9.18 (4.67) | 8.65 (5.52) | 0.160 | 8.55 (4.89) | 6.72 (4.48) | 0.007 | |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 9.51 (8.17) | 9.25 (8.33) | 0.795 | 24.04 (13.81) | 22.23 (15.00) | 0.476 | |
| ALT (U/l) | 29.11 (15.09) | 32.25 (25.01) | 0.510 | 37.08 (27.13) | 40.61 (21.14) | 0.388 | |
| AST (U/l) | 30.11 (10.66) | 30.48 (11.60) | 0.914 | 32.95 (12.20) | 38.01 (22.79) | 0.103 | |
| GGT (U/l) | 32.99 (33.16) | 43.02 (41.84) | 0.080 | 37.48 (34.38) | 51.97 (54.34) | 0.097 | |
| CRP (mg/l) | 82.26 (16.58) | 80.76 (12.60) | 0.349 | 83.42 (15.15) | 81.25 (16.54) | 0.288 | |
| Plasma sphingolipids | |||||||
| C16SO (μmol/L) | 17.44 (5.63) | 18.23 (4.88) | 0.164 | 18.09 (4.96) | 17.89 (5.60) | 0.781 | |
| C16SA (μmol/L) | 0.45 (0.17) | 0.47 (0.19) | 0.352 | 0.50 (0.18) | 0.53 (0.23) | 0.350 | |
| C17SO (μmol/L) | 8.54 (2.40) | 8.60 (2.28) | 0.819 | 8.49 (2.33) | 8.06 (2.41) | 0.290 | |
| C18PhytoSO (μmol/L) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.992 | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.311 | |
| C18SAdiene (μmol/L) | 29.79 (6.80) | 30.84 (7.60) | 0.355 | 31.45 (8.35) | 30.50 (8.07) | 0.651 | |
| C18SO (μmol/L) | 90.14 (16.32) | 93.37 (18.97) | 0.237 | 90.31 (18.38) | 90.44 (17.08) | 0.974 | |
| C18SA (μmol/L) | 3.03 (0.85) | 3.26 (1.14) | 0.206 | 3.44 (1.04) | 3.87 (1.40) | 0.069 | |
| SLtotal (μmol/L) | 93.18 (16.89) | 96.63 (19.55) | 0.218 | 93.74 (19.01) | 94.31 (18.01) | 0.878 | |
| C19SO (μmol/L) | 2.36 (0.97) | 2.33 (0.90) | 0.966 | 2.33 (0.83) | 2.19 (0.85) | 0.559 | |
| C20SO (μmol/L) | 0.19 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.06) | 0.758 | 0.19 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.05) | 0.653 | |
| C20SA (μmol/L) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.222 | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.018 | |
| 1-deoxySO (μmol/L) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.17 (0.12) | 0.032 | 0.17 (0.09) | 0.21 (0.14) | 0.125 | |
| 1-deoxySA (μmol/L) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.05) | 9.0E-04 | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.103 | |
| deoxySLtotal (μmol/L) | 0.21 (0.10) | 0.26 (0.16) | 0.013 | 0.26 (0.13) | 0.32 (0.20) | 0.100 | |
The ‘Lean‘-group includes subjects with a BMI equal to or less than 27 kg/m2. The ‘Obese’-group includes subjects with a BMI equal to or more than 30 kg/m2.
Values are shown as mean±SD for the continuous variables and numbers and per cent of total for the categorical variables. P-values were calculated using an unpaired two-sided t test on the log-transformed continuous variables. For the categorical variables, the p value was calculated using the χ2 test. Variables in bold font have significant differences after Bonferroni correction (p<0.001).
ALT, alanine transaminase; ASP, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; SA, sphinganine; SO, sphingosine; WHR, waist-hip ratio