Table 4. Smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity between the pre-contemplation, contemplation and preparation groupsa.
| Variables | Total No. (n = 11924) |
Pre-contemplation (n = 3864) |
Contemplation (n = 6491) |
Preparation (n = 1569) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking history | |||||
| No. of cigarettes smoked per dayb | 16.9±9.2 | 15.2±8.0 | 12.1±8.1 | <0.001 | |
| <10 | 2293 | 589 (15.3) | 1153 (17.8) | 551 (35.1) | <0.001 |
| 10–19 | 4473 | 1263 (32.7) | 2637 (40.6) | 573 (36.5) | |
| ≥20 | 5155 | 2010 (52.1) | 2700 (41.6) | 445 (28.4) | |
| Duration of smoking, monthsb | 288±196.1 | 216.1±151.9 | 212.1±173.1 | <0.001 | |
| Attempt smoking cessationc | |||||
| For oneselfd | 4426 | 640 (76.1) | 3051 (84.1) | 735 (84.8) | <0.001 |
| For otherse | 912 | 201 (23.9) | 579 (15.9) | 132 (15.2) | |
| Anti-smoking policy at workplacef | |||||
| Yes | 339 | 69 (20.2) | 227 (27.3) | 43 (31.2) | 0.013 |
| No | 971 | 273 (79.8) | 603 (72.7) | 95 (68.8) | |
| Anti-smoking policy at homeg | |||||
| Yes | 631 | 140 (22.2) | 411 (33.6) | 80 (40.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 1423 | 490 (77.8) | 813 (66.4) | 120 (60.0) | |
| Existence of a regular smoker at homef | 3018 | 1063 (36.2) | 1648 (32.3) | 307 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| Smoking cessation education experience within past 1 yrg | 7339 | 167 (7.3) | 478 (12.4) | 197 (16.4) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol usef | |||||
| Ever-drinkerh | 9049 | 2763 (94.3) | 4921 (96.6) | 1365 (96.9) | <0.001 |
| Never-drinker | 379 | 167 (5.7) | 169 (3.3) | 43 (3.0) | |
| Physical activityf | |||||
| Number of days of intense physical activityi (per week) | |||||
| None | 5882 | 2009 (68.5) | 3058 (60.0) | 815 (57.8) | <0.001 |
| One day or more | 3543 | 921 (31.4) | 2031 (39.9) | 592 (42.1) | |
| Number of days of moderate physical activityj (per week) | |||||
| None | 5268 | 1832 (62.4) | 2700 (53.0) | 738 (52.4) | <0.001 |
| One day or more | 4154 | 1098 (37.4) | 2389 (46.9) | 669 (47.6) | |
| Number of days of walking (per week) | |||||
| None | 1247 | 522 (17.8) | 565 (11.1) | 160 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| One day or more | 8179 | 2408 (82.2) | 4524 (88.9) | 1247 (88.6) | |
| Number of days of muscle strengthening exercisesk (per week) | |||||
| None | 6604 | 2226 (75.9) | 3519 (69.1) | 859 (61.0) | <0.001 |
| One day or more | 2822 | 704 (24.0) | 1570 (30.9) | 548 (38.9) | |
a Categorical variables were analyzed by using the chi-square test, and continuous variables were analyzed by using analysis of variation. Data are presented as numbers (percentages) and ± values are means±standard deviation.
b n = 3862 in the pre-contemplation group, n = 6491 in the contemplation group, and n = 1569 in the preparation group
c n = 841 in the pre-contemplation group, n = 3630 in the contemplation group, and n = 867 in the preparation group
d Self-awareness or concern for their own health.
e Concern or request from other people.
f n = 2930 in the pre-contemplation group, n = 5089 in the contemplation group, and n = 1407 in the preparation group
g n = 2291 in the pre-contemplation group, n = 3849 in the contemplation group, and n = 1199 in the preparation group
h Drinking more than once a month
i Intense physical activity includes activities such as jogging, mountain climbing, cycling, swimming rapidly, playing soccer, basketball, jump rope, squash, or a tennis match of singles, at least 20 minutes, 3 times a week.
j Moderate physical activity includes activities such as swimming slowly, playing a tennis match of doubles, volleyball, badminton, or table tennis
k Muscle strengthening exercises include activities such as pushup, sit-up, dumbbell or barbell exercise, or exercising on the horizontal bar