Table 5. Multivariate analysis for factors associated with stage of change in smoking cessationa.
| Variables | Pre-contemplation (n = 2025) |
Contemplation (n = 3338) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | ||
| Age, yr | ||
| 45–64 (vs. <45) | 1.10 (0.90–1.34) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) |
| ≥65 (vs. <45) | 1.40 (1.03–1.89) | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) |
| Underlying diseases | ||
| Chronic diseasee (vs. none) | 0.76 (0.63–0.93) | 0.82 (0.68–0.98) |
| Depression (vs. none) | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 1.03 (0.79–1.35) |
| Social factors | ||
| Household income | ||
| 1st quartile (vs. 4th quartile) | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) |
| 2nd quartile (vs. 4th quartile) | 0.93 (0.75–1.17) | 0.84 (0.69–1.03) |
| 3rd quartile (vs. 4th quartile) | 0.86 (0.69–1.07) | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) |
| Education | ||
| Elementary school or lower (vs. college/university or higher) | 1.93 (1.42–2.63) | 0.93 (0.70–1.25) |
| Middle school (vs. college/university or higher) | 1.44 (1.07–1.94) | 0.87 (0.66–1.15) |
| High school (vs. college/university or higher) | 1.24 (1.01–1.53) | 0.94 (0.79–1.13) |
| Occupation | ||
| White collar jobb (vs. blue collar jobc or unemployed) | 0.96 (0.79–1.16) | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) |
| Marital status | ||
| Singled (vs. married) | 1.38 (1.12–1.70) | 1.26 (1.04–1.53) |
| Smoking and alcohol related factors | ||
| No. of cigarettes smoked per day | ||
| 10–19 (vs. <10) | 2.59 (2.10–3.20) | 2.21 (1.84–2.65) |
| ≥20 (vs. <10) | 4.75 (3.82–5.93) | 2.98 (2.46–3.62) |
| Never-drinker (vs. ever drinkerf) | 1.38 (0.91–2.10) | 1.32 (0.88–1.99) |
| Life style factors | ||
| Suicidal ideation within past 1 yr (vs. none) | 1.20 (0.95–1.52) | 1.08 (0.87–1.35) |
| Smoking cessation education experience within past 1yr (vs.none) | 0.44 (0.34–0.56) | 0.70 (0.57–0.86) |
| Number of days of walking exercise (per week) | ||
| None (vs. 1 day or more) | 1.38 (1.11–1.72) | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) |
| Number of days of strengthening exerciseg (per week) | ||
| None (vs. 1 day or more) | 1.61 (1.35–1.01) | 1.42 (1.22–1.66) |
| EQ-5D | ||
| Mobility, problemsh (vs. no problems) | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.92 (0.69–1.24) |
| Self-care, problemsi (vs. no problems) | 0.85 (0.54–1.32) | 0.93 (0.60–1.43) |
| Usual activities, problems (vs. no problems) | 1.04 (0.71–1.52) | 0.96 (0.67–1.39) |
| Pain/discomfort, problems (vs. no problems) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) |
| Anxiety/depression, problems (vs. no problems) | 0.75 (0.56–0.99) | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) |
a Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors that influence the stages of change in smoking cessation. Pre-contemplation and contemplation groups were compared with the preparation group. Data are presented as odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) compared with the preparation group (n = 1063).
b White collar job includes administrators, experts, and office workers.
c Blue collar job includes manual workers such as farmers, fishermen, and others.
d Single includes divorced, separated, and never married subjects.
e Chronic disease includes hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular accident.
f Drinking more than once a month.
g Muscle strengthening exercises include activities such as pushup, sit-up, dumbbell or barbell exercise, or exercising on the horizontal bar.
h People who have difficulty with walking.
i People who have difficulty with dressing or taking a bath.
EQ-5D, EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire