Table 2. LMMs investigating how experimentally changing the social status affects ejaculate viability (% motile sperm), sperm swimming ability, ejaculate longevity and sperm endurance.

a) Ejaculate viability
Random effects	Estimates ± SE		Z	P
Aviary	0		0	1
Sampling batch	0		0	1
Fixed effects		F	df	P
Intercept	1.57 ± 4.49
Body mass	-0.05 ± 0.10	0.24	1, 41	0.63
Tarsus length	0.01 ± 0.20	< 0.01	1, 41	0.95
Initial statusa		0.66	3, 41	0.58
Dominant	-0.44 ± 0.61
Subordinate-1	1.66 ± 0.68
Subordinate-2	0.10 ± 0.55
Final statusa		1.87	3, 41	0.15
Dominant	1.73 ± 0.73
Subordinate-1	0.97 ± 0.53
Subordinate-2	0.26 ± 0.60
Initial status x Final statusb		2.82	9, 41	0.011
Dominant x dominant	-0.79 ± 0.93
Dominant x subordinate-1	0.79 ± 0.94
Dominant x subordinate-2	1.02 ± 0.96
Subordinate-1 x dominant	-4.67 ± 1.11
Subordinate-1 x subordinate-1	-2.27 ± 0.89
Subordinate-1 x subordinate-2	-1.65 ± 0.92
Subordinate-2 x dominant	-1.92 ± 0.94
Subordinate-2 x subordinate-1	-0.43 ± 0.79
Subordinate-2 x subordinate-2	0.65 ± 0.87
b) Sperm swimming ability
Random effects	Estimates ± SE		Z	P
Aviary	0.21 ± 0.25		0.86	0.19
Sampling batch	0.04 ± 0.13		0.31	0.38
Fixed effects		F	df	P
Intercept	3.72 ± 5.28
Body mass	0.16 ± 0.11	1.91	1, 33.2	0.18
Tarsus length	-0.04 ± 0.22	0.03	1, 30.9	0.87
Initial statusa		1.05	3, 36.3	0.38
Dominant	0.67 ± 0.74
Subordinate-1	0.14 ± 0.84
Subordinate-2	0.23 ± 0.67
Final statusa		0.86	3, 24.1	0.48
Dominant	-0.79 ± 0.82
Subordinate-1	0.53 ± 0.61
Subordinate-2	-0.37 ± 0.66
Initial status x Final statusb		0.93	9, 31.7	0.51
Dominant x dominant	-0.25 ± 1.06
Dominant x subordinate-1	-0.94 ± 1.08
Dominant x subordinate-2	-0.91 ± 1.15
Subordinate-1 x dominant	2.41 ± 1.31
Subordinate-1 x subordinate-1	-0.06 ± 1.02
Subordinate-1 x subordinate-2	0.36 ± 1.11
Subordinate-2 x dominant	0.77 ± 1.12
Subordinate-2 x subordinate-1	-0.50 ± 0.96
Subordinate-2 x subordinate-2	0.65 ± 0.99
c) Ejaculate longevity
Random effects	Estimates ± SE		Z	P
Aviary	0		0	1
Sampling date	0		0	1
Fixed effects		F	df	P
Intercept	-0.0195 ± 0.0097
Body mass	0.0004 ± 0.0002	3.70	1, 33.9	0.06
Tarsus length	0.0003 ± 0.0004	0.53	1, 3.1	0.47
Initial statusa		1.16	3, 36.6	0.34
Dominant	0.0003 ± 0.0014
Subordinate-1	0.0010 ± 0.0015
Subordinate-2	0.0007 ± 0.0012
Final statusa		1.49	3, 26.4	0.24
Dominant	-0.0012 ± 0.0015
Subordinate-1	-0.0003 ± 0.0011
Subordinate-2	-0.0008 ± 0.0012
Initial status x Final statusb		1.20	9, 32.7	0.33
Dominant x dominant	0.0006 ± 0.0019
Dominant x subordinate-1	0.0004 ± 0.0020
Dominant x subordinate-2	-0.0016 ± 0.0021
Subordinate-1 x dominant	0.0039± 0.0024
Subordinate-1 x subordinate-1	-0.0012 ± 0.0019
Subordinate-1 x subordinate-2	-0.0002 ± 0.0020
Subordinate-2 x dominant	0.0013 ± 0.0020
Subordinate-2 x subordinate-1	-0.0014 ± 0.0018
Subordinate-2 x subordinate-2	0.0016 ± 0.0018
d) Sperm swimming endurance
Random effects	Estimates ± SE		Z	P
Aviary	0.0011 ± 0.0023		0.50	0.31
Sampling date	0.0039 ± 0.0049		0.80	0.21
Fixed effects		F	df	P
Intercept	-0.164 ± 0.636
Body mass	-0.010 ± 0.014	0.50	1, 37.4	0.49
Tarsus length	0.006 ± 0.027	0.04	1, 35.2	0.84
Initial statusa		2.35	3, 36.2	0.09
Dominant	0.107 ± 0.088
Subordinate-1	-0.033 ± 0.101
Subordinate-2	0.075 ± 0.080
Final statusa		2.68	3, 29	0.07
Dominant	0.028 ± 0.101
Subordinate-1	0.069 ± 0.074
Subordinate-2	0.077 ± 0.082
Initial status x Final statusb		1.45	9, 35.7	0.20
Dominant x dominant	-0.093 ± 0.130
Dominant x subordinate-1	-0.151 ± 0.133
Dominant x subordinate-2	-0.173 ± 0.139
Subordinate-1 x dominant	-0.277 ± 0.161
Subordinate-1 x subordinate-1	-0.118 ± 0.125
Subordinate-1 x subordinate-2	0.011 ± 0.134
Subordinate-2 x dominant	-0.188 ± 0.136
Subordinate-2 x subordinate-1	-0.221 ± 0.114
Subordinate-2 x subordinate-2	-0.177 ± 0.122

^aRelative to subordinate-3 males.

^bRelative to subordinate-3 x subordinate-3 males. Values in bold indicate significance at α = 0.05; tests of random effects are based on Wald-Z.