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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 23.
Published in final edited form as: AIMS Genet. 2016 Aug 23;3(3):157–166. doi: 10.3934/genet.2016.3.157

Table 2.

Environmental exposures associated with congenital heart defects.

Heart Defect Type Environmental Exposure References
TOF ethanol, retinoic acid, theophylline, mother obesity [7,9]
DORV Maternal diabetes, ethanol, retinoic acid, theophylline [9,57,58]
Defects of endocardial cushion Hyperglycemia, hypoxia [33]