Replication of low-pathogenic avian H3N2 influenza virus is restricted in human lung epithelial cells despite successful internalization.
A, A549 cells were infected with Pan or Mal virus at MOI of 1 for 4 h. Cells were fixed, permeabilized, stained with DAPI and specific primary antibody against NP. Images were representative for five independent experiments. Scale bar: 10 μm. B, A549 cells were infected with Pan or Mal virus at an MOI of 2 for indicated time points. Cell lysates were prepared and subjected to immunoblot analyses; n = 3. C, A549 cells were infected with indicated viruses at an MOI of 0.01. Supernatants were collected at indicated time points and titrated; n = 3. D, A549 cells were infected with indicated viruses at MOI of 2 for 24 h. Supernatants were analyzed for IFN-β expression using IFN-β ELISA (Fujirebio), n = 5. E, VeroSF cells were infected with indicated viruses at an MOI of 0.01. Supernatants were collected at indicated time points and titrated; n = 3. C–E: Data represent means + S.E. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 (Mann-Whitney U test).