Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Medicare Beneficiaries 65 Years of Age and Older Stratified by Activity of Daily Living and Instrumental Activity of Daily Living Stages
| Baseline Characteristic* | Activity of Daily Living Stage | Instrumental Activity of Daily Living Stage | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=1457 3) |
0 (n=1031 3) |
I (n=2350 ) |
II (n=1035 ) |
III (n=749 ) |
IV (n=108 ) |
p- value |
0 (n=9414 ) |
I (n=2416 ) |
II (n=1026 ) |
III (n=1416 ) |
IV (n=153 ) |
p- value |
||
|
Facilities providing long-term care admissions |
458 (1.1) | 139 (0.5) | 89 (1.5) | 128 (4.7) |
76 (4.6) |
26 (9.9) |
<.000 1 |
96 (0.4) | 72 (1.1) | 66 (2.6) | 146 (4.3) |
78 (12) | <.000 1 |
|
| Deaths | 754 (2.0) | 309 (1.1) | 161 (2.9) |
128 (5.1) |
112 (6.5) |
44 (15.8) |
<.000 1 |
229 (0.9) |
139 (2.3) |
119 (4.9) |
177 (5.2) |
89 (13.6) |
<.000 1 |
|
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||||||||
|
Age |
65–74 | 6714 (58.5) |
5305 (63.6) |
831 (46.6) |
320 (40.0) |
228 (41.2) |
30 (40.7) |
<.000 1 |
4943 (64.6) |
977 (50.7) |
347 (44.9) |
392 (37.9) |
55 (29.9) |
<.000 1 |
| 75–84 | 5837 (32.4) |
3952 (30.0) |
1063 (39.3) |
462 (40.0) |
312 (37.4) |
48 (38.3) |
3597 (29.6) |
1049 (36.8) |
466 (39.7) |
629 (40.4) |
95 (36.2) |
|||
| ≥85 | 2022 (9.1) |
1056 (6.4) |
456 (14.1) |
271 (20.0) |
209 (21.4) |
30 (21.1) |
874 (5.8) |
435 (12.5) |
213 (15.4) |
395 (21.6) |
103 (33.9) |
|||
| Sex | Male | 6344 (44.1) |
4784 (46.5) |
905 (39.2) |
357 (34.6) |
256 (34.0) |
42 (39.1) |
<.000 1 |
4672 (49.5) |
635 (26.0) |
295 (28.0) |
658 (48.0) |
84 (35.1) |
<.000 1 |
| Female | 8229 (55.9) |
5529 (53.5) |
1445 (60.8) |
696 (65.4) |
493 (66.0) |
66 (60.9) |
4742 (50.5) |
1826 (74.0) |
731 (72.0) |
758 (52.0) |
169 (64.9) |
|||
|
Race/ethnic group |
Non-Hispanic White | 11908 (81.5) |
8584 (82.9) |
1894 (79.6) |
814 (76.9) |
549 (73.2) |
67 (61.1) |
<.000 1 |
7864 (82.9) |
2025 (82.3) |
757 (73.0) |
1093 (76.6) |
167 (66.5) |
<.000 1 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1162 (7.8) |
740 (7.2) |
203 (8.4) |
122 (11.2) |
86 (10.7) |
11 (10.0) |
693 (7.5) |
198 (7.4) |
118 (10.9) |
117 (7.6) |
36 (14.7) |
|||
| Hispanic | 1125 (7.8) |
737 (7.1) |
186 (8.7) |
88 (8.7) |
90 (12.5) |
24 (23.8) |
649 (7.0) |
173 (7.5) |
109 (11.1) |
153 (11.6) |
41 (15.0) |
|||
| Other | 378 (3.0) |
252 (2.8) |
67 (3.3) |
29 (3.2) |
24 (3.6) |
* | 208 (2.6) |
65 (2.9) |
42 (5.0) |
53 (4.2) |
* | |||
| Education | High school or above | 10773 (76.7) |
8011 (80.0) |
1585 (69.6) |
672 (66.6) |
456 (62.7) |
49 (49.1) |
<.000 1 |
7432 (81.1) |
1736 (72.9) |
646 (64.4) |
833 (60.6) |
127 (52.7) |
<.000 1 |
| Below high school graduate |
3732 (23.3) |
2269 (20.0) |
753 (30.4) |
370 (33.4) |
284 (37.3) |
56 (50.9) |
1956 (18.9) |
721 (27.1) |
371 (35.6) |
563 (39.4) |
118 (47.3) |
|||
| Living arrangement | Alone | 4723 (29.9) |
3250 (28.9) |
828 (32.7) |
371 (33.8) |
246 (30.9) |
28 (28.8) |
<.000 1 |
2942 (28.7) |
938 (35.1) |
361 (33.3) |
424 (28.3) |
55 (20.9) |
<.000 1 |
| With spouse | 7666 (56.0) |
5838 (59.6) |
1074 (48.5) |
410 (41.0) |
297 (42.6) |
47 (43.3) |
5432 (60.5) |
1068 (47.0) |
428 (43.7) |
653 (48.6) |
86 (36.9) |
|||
| With children | 1444 (8.9) |
775 (6.9) |
311 (12.6) |
190 (16.9) |
143 (17.3) |
25 (19.5) |
630 (6.3) |
317 (12.1) |
159 (14.4) |
256 (16.9) |
81 (29.6) |
|||
| Other | 740 (5.2) |
450 (4.5) |
137 (6.2) |
82 (8.2) |
63 (9.3) |
* | 410 (4.5) |
138 (5.8) |
78 (8.7) |
83 (6.1) |
31 (12.6) |
|||
| Dual eligibility | Medicare alone | 12560 (87.3) |
9273 (90.7) |
1914 (81.8) |
769 (73.6) |
542 (72.8) |
62 (56.3) |
<.000 1 |
8592 (91.9) |
2019 (82.7) |
738 (72.1) |
1062 (75.1) |
147 (57.3) |
<.000 1 |
| Medicare and Medicaid dual enrollee |
2013 (12.7) |
1040 (9.3) |
436 (18.2) |
284 (26.4) |
207 (27.2) |
46 (43.7) |
822 (8.1) |
442 (17.3) |
288 (27.9) |
354 (24.9) |
106 (42.7) |
|||
| Proxy respondent | Self-respondent | 13633 (94.1) |
9833 (95.4) |
2210 (94.4) |
926 (89.8) |
603 (82.5) |
61 (61.3) |
<.000 1 |
9069 (96.2) |
2380 (96.8) |
946 (92.5) |
1118 (80.5) |
119 (47.9) |
<.000 1 |
| Proxy-respondent | 940 (5.9) | 480 (4.6) | 140 (5.6) |
127 (10.2) |
146 (17.5) |
47 (38.7) |
345 (3.8) |
81 (3.2) | 80 (7.5) | 298 (19.5) |
134 (52.1) |
|||
| Health conditions | ||||||||||||||
|
Alzheimer’s disease |
No | 14250 (98.3) |
10186 (99.0) |
2304 (98.3) |
982 (94.3) |
693 (93.6) |
85 (81.5) |
<.0001 |
9351 (99.5) |
2441 (99.3) |
1011 (98.6) |
1276 (91.0) |
169 (68.5) |
<.0001 |
| Yes | 323 (1.7) |
127 (1.0) |
46 (1.7) |
71 (5.7) |
56 (6.4) |
23 (18.5) |
63 (0.5) |
20 (0.7) |
15 (1.4) |
140 (9.0) | 84 (31.5) |
|||
|
Amputation |
No | 14484 (99.4) |
10282 (99.7) |
2327 (98.9) |
1039 (98.4) |
730 (97.7) |
106 (98.9) |
<.0001 |
9378 (99.6) |
2441 (99.2) |
1017 (99.0) |
1399 (98.9) |
246 (97.5) |
<.0001 |
| Yes | 89 (0.6) |
31 (0.3) |
23 (1.1) |
14 (1.6) |
19 (2.3) |
* | 36 (0.4) |
20 (0.8) |
* | 17 (1.1) |
* | |||
| Angina or coronary artery diseases |
No | 13203 (91.3) |
9505 (92.7) |
2050 (87.7) |
906 (86.2) |
654 (87.7) |
88 (83.8) |
<.0001 |
8696 (92.8) |
2165 (88.4) |
891 (87.3) |
1239 (88.0) |
208 (82.5) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 876 (5.5) |
559 (5.0) |
183 (7.3) |
71 (6.6) |
52 (6.8) |
11 (9.0) |
502 (4.9) |
172 (6.7) | 76 (6.6) |
100 (6.7) | 27 (10.7) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 494 (3.2) |
249 (2.3) |
117 (5.0) |
76 (7.2) |
43 (5.5) |
* | 216 (2.2) |
124 (4.9) | 59 (6.1) |
77 (5.3) |
18 (6.8) |
|||
|
Arthritis other than rheumatoid |
No | 7725 (54.6) |
6129 (60.7) |
864 (36.5) |
411 (39.3) |
274 (36.1) |
47 (43.3) |
<.0001 |
5674 (61.7) |
889 (35.7) |
358 (34.3) |
680 (48.2) |
122 (49.4) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 1759 (11.9) |
1235 (11.7) |
311 (13.4) |
115 (10.7) |
88 (12.0) |
* | 1107 (11.5) |
332 (13.4) |
132 (12.7) |
160 (11.9) |
27 (10.1) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 5089 (33.5) |
2949 (27.6) |
1175 (50.1) |
527 (49.9) |
387 (51.9) |
51 (47.4) |
2633 (26.8) |
1240 (50.9) |
536 (53.0) |
576 (39.9) |
104 (40.5) |
|||
|
Brokenhip |
No | 14070 (97.2) |
10139 (98.6) |
2203 (94.5) |
957 (91.9) |
676 (91.1) |
95 (88.9) |
<.0001 |
9257 (98.6) |
2339 (95.7) |
941 (92.4) |
1312 (93.7) |
219 (87.1) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 403 (2.3) |
152 (1.2) |
122 (4.6) |
62 (5.3) |
59 (7.1) |
* | 129 (1.1) |
106 (3.8) | 64 (5.9) |
80 (5.0) |
24 (8.9) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 100 (0.5) |
22 (0.2) |
25 (0.9) |
34 (2.8) |
14 (1.7) |
* | 28 (0.3) |
16 (0.5) |
21 (1.7) |
24 (1.3) |
* | |||
| Cancer other than skin | No | 11992 (83.3) |
8591 (84.3) |
1881 (81.3) |
846 (80.6) |
582 (76.7) |
92 (84.7) |
<.0001 |
7867 (84.7) |
1960 (80.1) |
815 (79.7) |
1132 (80.0) |
215 (85.0) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 1855 (12.0) |
1248 (11.4) |
337 (13.3) |
145 (13.4) |
117 (16.0) |
* | 1103 (10.9) |
381 (15.1) |
136 (13.4) |
205 (14.3) |
31 (12.1) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 726 (4.7) |
474 (4.3) |
132 (5.4) |
62 (6.0) |
50 (7.2) |
* | 444 (4.4) |
120 (4.8) | 75 (6.9) |
79 (5.7) |
* | |||
|
Congestive heart failure |
No | 13663 (94.6) |
9902 (96.5) |
2118 (90.9) |
915 (87.2) |
635 (85.9) |
93 (88.6) |
<.0001 |
9103 (97.1) |
2207 (90.3) |
885 (87.4) |
1256 (89.5) |
209 (83.5) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 553 (3.4) |
290 (2.5) |
136 (5.5) |
64 (6.3) |
57 (7.2) |
* | 220 (2.1) |
160 (6.1) | 63 (6.0) |
87 (5.9) |
22 (8.4) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 357 (2.0) |
121 (1.0) |
96 (3.6) |
74 (6.5) |
57 (6.9) |
* | 91 (0.8) |
94 (3.6) |
78 (6.6) |
73 (4.7) |
22 (8.1) |
|||
| Depression | No | 12336 (84.7) |
9153 (88.6) |
1853 (77.6) |
738 (68.5) |
530 (69.1) |
62 (55.0) |
<.0001 | 8493 (89.9) |
1915 (76.6) |
721 (68.2) |
1052 (72.9) |
154 (60.9) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 991 (6.9) |
577 (5.8) |
220 (10.0) |
118 (11.8) |
67 (9.1) |
* | 496 (5.6) |
226 (9.5) | 115 (11.5) |
126 (9.4) | 27 (10.6) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 1246 (8.4) |
583 (5.6) |
277 (12.3) |
197 (19.7) |
152 (21.8) |
37 (33.6) |
425 (4.5) |
320 (13.9) |
190 (20.3) |
238 (17.7) |
72 (28.5) |
|||
| Diabetes | No | 11137 (76.5) |
8266 (80.0) |
1630 (68.9) |
682 (62.5) |
493 (63.7) |
66 (60.6) |
<.0001 |
7531 (79.9) |
1770 (71.2) |
661 (63.9) |
1003 (69.3) |
168 (64.0) |
<.0001 |
| Type 1 | 310 (2.0) |
140 (1.2) |
81 (3.7) |
58 (5.8) |
25 (3.5) |
* | 124 (1.2) |
66 (2.9) |
57 (5.6) |
49 (3.4) |
15 (6.5) |
|||
| Type 2 D | 2358 (16.2) |
1401 (13.7) |
486 (21.1) |
260 (26.6) |
181 (25.0) |
30 (28.5) |
1286 (13.7) |
496 (20.7) |
248 (24.5) |
277 (21.0) |
51 (22.7) |
|||
| Other type | 768 (5.4) |
506 (5.1) |
153 (6.3) |
53 (5.1) |
50 (7.9) |
* | 473 (5.2) |
129 (5.2) | 60 (5.9) |
87 (6.3) |
19 (6.8) |
|||
| Emphysema/asthma/chro nic obstructive pulmonary disease |
No | 12576 (86.4) |
9187 (89.2) |
1879 (78.8) |
840 (79.5) |
582 (76.3) |
88 (78.7) |
<.0001 |
8451 (89.8) |
1980 (79.6) |
773 (74.0) |
1161 (81.7) |
209 (82.0) |
<.0001 |
| Yes | 1997 (13.6) |
1126 (10.8) |
471 (21.2) |
213 (20.5) |
167 (23.7) |
20 (21.3) |
963 (10.2) |
481 (20.4) |
253 (26.0) |
255 (18.3) |
44 (18.0) |
|||
|
Hardening of the arteries |
No | 13442 (93.0) |
9646 (94.2) |
2109 (90.1) |
941 (89.3) |
656 (88.3) |
90 (84.8) |
<.0001 |
8854 (94.7) |
2204 (89.8) |
915 (89.9) |
1248 (88.1) |
218 (86.0) |
<.0001 |
| Yes | 1131 (7.0) |
667 (5.8) |
241 (9.9) |
112 (10.7) |
93 (11.7) |
18 (15.2) |
560 (5.3) |
257 (10.2) |
111 (10.1) |
168 (11.9) |
35 (14.0) |
|||
|
Heart rhythm disease |
No | 12053 (84.2) |
8778 (86.3) |
1822 (78.7) |
820 (78.9) |
551 (74.8) |
82 (79.2) |
<.0001 |
8092 (87.0) |
1899 (78.4) |
752 (74.5) |
1109 (79.8) |
196 (79.1) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 1291 (8.1) |
851 (7.6) |
249 (10.1) |
94 (8.1) |
89 (11.6) |
* | 761 (7.5) |
255 (9.5) |
111 (10.3) |
142 (9.3) |
24 (9.0) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 1229 (7.7) |
684 (6.1) |
279 (11.2) |
139 (13.1) |
109 (13.6) |
18 (14.3) |
561 (5.5) |
307 (12.1) |
163 (15.2) |
165 (10.9) |
33 (11.9) |
|||
|
Heart valve disease |
No | 13416 (92.7) |
9609 (93.8) |
2100 (89.7) |
940 (89.7) |
668 (89.5) |
99 (91.8) |
<.0001 |
8819 (94.2) |
2186 (88.9) |
907 (89.5) |
1269 (90.0) |
232 (91.9) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 728 (4.7) |
463 (4.1) |
146 (6.2) |
69 (6.5) |
43 (5.7) |
* | 406 (3.9) |
163 (6.8) |
64 (5.6) |
80 (5.7) |
15 (5.8) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 429 (2.6) |
241 (2.1) |
104 (4.1) |
44 (3.7) |
38 (4.8) |
* | 189 (1.8) |
112 (4.3) |
55 (4.9) |
67 (4.3) |
* | |||
|
Hypertension |
No | 5474 (39.4) |
4277 (43.3) |
650 (28.2) |
307 (28.9) |
217 (29.3) |
23 (23.1) |
<.0001 |
4003 (44.1) |
680 (28.9) |
257 (26.0) |
441 (31.2) |
93 (37.6) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 1828 (12.5) |
1318 (12.5) |
303 (13.3) |
110 (10.1) |
85 (11.8) |
12 (10.6) |
1232 (12.9) |
297 (12.0) |
122 (12.3) |
153 (10.7) |
24 (9.5) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 7271 (48.1) |
4718 (44.2) |
1397 (58.5) |
636 (61.1) |
447 (59.0) |
73 (66.3) |
4179 (43.0) |
1484 (59.2) |
647 (61.7) |
822 (58.2) |
136 (52.9) |
|||
|
Incontinence |
No | 10051 (71.3) |
7802 (77.3) |
1392 (60.3) |
509 (49.2) |
323 (44.1) |
25 (22.4) |
<.0001 |
7268 (78.7) |
1349 (55.8) |
535 (53.3) |
805 (58.1) |
91 (36.8) |
<.0001 |
| Dialysis/catheterizat ion |
4453 (28.3) |
2492 (22.5) |
947 (39.3) |
536 (50.0) |
403 (52.6) |
75 (71.7) |
2135 (21.2) |
1093 (43.2) |
480 (45.6) |
597 (41.0) |
148 (58.4) |
|||
| Yes | 69 (0.4) |
19 (0.2) |
11 (0.5) |
* | 23 (3.3) |
* | 11 (0.1) |
19 (0.9) |
11 (1.1) |
14 (0.9) |
14 (4.9) |
|||
| Mental or psychiatric conditions |
No | 14362 (98.5) |
10199 (98.8) |
2310 (98.1) |
1020 (96.6) |
731 (97.6) |
102 (94.5) |
<.0001 |
9330 (99.0) |
2425 (98.4) |
1000 (96.9) |
1361 (95.7) |
243 (96.1) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 74 (0.5) |
48 (0.5) |
11 (0.5) |
* | * | * | 32 (0.3) |
17 (0.7) |
* | 15 (1.2) |
* | |||
| ≤ 1 year | 137 (1.0) |
66 (0.8) |
29 (1.3) |
26 (2.6) |
12 (1.5) |
* | 52 (0.6) |
19 (0.9) |
17 (2.0) |
40 (3.1) |
* | |||
|
Mental retardation |
No | 14524 (99.7) |
10295 (99.8) |
2342 (99.6) |
1041 (98.7) |
740 (98.6) |
106 (98.1) |
<.0001 |
9397 (99.8) |
2459 (99.9) |
1021 (99.5) |
1400 (98.6) |
244 (95.8) |
<.0001 |
| Yes | 49 (0.3) |
18 (0.2) |
* | 12 (1.3) |
* | * | 17 (0.2) |
* | * | 16 (1.4) |
* | |||
|
Myocardial infarction |
No | 12689 (88.2) |
9229 (90.5) |
1903 (81.9) |
875 (83.2) |
597 (80.5) |
85 (79.7) |
<.0001 |
8430 (90.6) |
2067 (84.8) |
827 (81.2) |
1158 (81.5) |
203 (80.8) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 1624 (10.1) |
957 (8.4) |
382 (15.1) |
146 (13.9) |
123 (15.7) |
16 (14.6) |
873 (8.3) |
336 (12.6) |
153 (14.3) |
221 (16.0) |
42 (16.2) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 260 (1.7) |
127 (1.1) |
65 (3.0) |
32 (2.9) |
29 (3.8) |
* | 111 (1.1) |
58 (2.6) |
46 (4.5) |
37 (2.4) |
* | |||
|
Osteoporosis |
No | 12011 (83.5) |
8766 (85.8) |
1818 (78.1) |
786 (74.6) |
563 (75.7) |
78 (74.4) |
<.0001 |
8159 (87.3) |
1790 (73.7) |
746 (72.4) |
1123 (79.7) |
191 (76.6) |
<.0001 |
| Yes | 2562 (16.5) |
1547 (14.2) |
532 (21.9) |
267 (25.4) |
186 (24.3) |
30 (25.6) |
1255 (12.7) |
671 (26.3) |
280 (27.6) |
293 (20.3) |
62 (23.4) |
|||
|
Paralysis |
No | 14244 (97.9) |
10206 (99.0) |
2279 (96.9) |
992 (94.1) |
683 (91.1) |
84 (78.3) |
<.0001 |
9320 (99.0) |
2395 (97.3) |
962 (93.6) |
1349 (95.2) |
215 (85.5) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 193 (1.3) | 86 (0.8) |
50 (2.1) |
29 (2.6) |
26 (3.9) |
* | 76 (0.8) |
48 (1.9) |
30 (3.1) |
29 (2.0) |
* | |||
| ≤ 1 year | 136 (0.8) |
21 (0.2) |
21 (0.9) |
32 (3.3) |
40 (5.0) |
22 (19.9) |
18 (0.2) |
18 (0.8) |
34 (3.3) |
38 (2.9) |
28 (10.3) |
|||
|
Parkinson’s disease |
No | 14405 (99.0) |
10261 (99.5) |
2302 (98.2) |
1023 (97.4) |
721 (96.5) |
98 (91.5) |
<.0001 |
9369 (99.6) |
2423 (98.5) |
997 (97.5) |
1376 (97.4) |
237 (93.3) |
<.0001 |
| Yes | 168 (1.0) | 52 (0.5) |
48 (1.8) |
30 (2.6) |
28 (3.5) |
* | 45 (0.4) |
38 (1.5) |
29 (2.5) |
40 (2.6) |
16 (6.7) |
|||
|
Rheumatoid arthritis |
No | 13356 (92.2) |
9657 (94.1) |
2078 (88.5) |
893 (84.5) |
639 (84.6) |
89 (84.6) |
<.0001 |
8854 (94.5) |
2165 (88.1) |
871 (84.2) |
1245 (87.9) |
219 (86.4) |
<.0001 |
| Yes | 1217 (7.8) |
656 (5.9) |
272 (11.5) |
160 (15.5) |
110 (15.4) |
19 (15.4) |
560 (5.5) |
296 (11.9) |
155 (15.8) |
171 (12.1) |
34 (13.6) |
|||
|
Stroke |
No | 13036 (90.7) |
9597 (93.8) |
1985 (85.4) |
820 (78.5) |
569 (77.6) |
65 (62.0) |
<.0001 |
8783 (94.0) |
2154 (88.5) |
823 (81.5) |
1124 (79.1) |
149 (60.1) |
<.0001 |
| > 1 year ago | 1257 (7.7) |
598 (5.3) |
307 (12.2) |
186 (17.3) |
139 (17.4) |
27 (23.6) |
532 (5.1) |
249 (9.5) |
162 (14.7) |
236 (16.8) |
78 (29.6) |
|||
| ≤ 1 year | 280 (1.7) |
118 (1.0) |
58 (2.5) |
47 (4.2) |
41 (5.0) |
16 (14.5) |
99 (0.9) |
58 (2.1) |
41 (3.8) |
56 (4.1) |
26 (10.3) |
|||
*
=Cannot display raw number nor percentage since cell size is less than 11, which are not allowed to be disclosed due to CMS’s confidentiality rules.