Table 2.
Demographics and perioperative characteristics across Surgeon 1’s learning phases
| Characteristics | Phase 1 74 |
Phase 2 61 |
Phase 3 66 |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male (%) | 46 (62.1) | 36 (59.0) | 26 (39.4) | 0.017 |
| Female (%) | 28 (37.9) | 25 (41.0) | 40 (60.6) | |
| Age ± SD (years) | 56.3 ± 13.8 | 54.5 ± 15.0 | 55.6 ± 13.6 | 0.75 |
| BMI ± SD (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 5.1 | 27.4 ± 5.7 | 27.6 ± 5.6 | 0.75 |
| ASA score (median) | 3 | 3 | 3 | – |
| Rectal cancer casesa (%) | 54 (73.0) | 31 (50.8) | 43 (65.2) | 0.49 |
| Height from AVb (cm) | 9.5 ± 3.7 | 9.6 ± 3.2 | 9.5 ± 3.7 | 0.97 |
| Pre-op therapy (%) | 37 (50.0) | 25 (41.0) | 29 (43.9) | 0.85 |
| Perioperative | ||||
| Operative time ± SD (min) | 250.0 ± 55.0 | 231.1 ± 63.9 | 213.6 ± 49.1 | 0.0008 |
| Stapled anastomosis (%) | 65 (87.8) | 56 (91.8) | 60 (90.9) | 0.92 |
| Flexure lap (%) | 48 (64.9) | (0.0) | (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| Ileostomy (%) | 37 (50.0) | 27 (44.3) | 34 (51.5) | 0.69 |
| EBL ± SD (mL) | 82.0 ± 80.8 | 89.1 ± 107.6 | 59.5 ± 41.3 | 0.09 |
| Second procedures (%) | 7 (9.5) | 10 (16.4) | 10 (15.1) | 0.44 |
| Lysis of adhesions (%) | 13 (17.6) | 3 (4.9) | 9 (13.6) | 0.07 |
| Intra-op complications (%) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 1.00 |
| Leak rate (%) | 3 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 0(0) | 0.11 |
SD standard deviation
a
Rectal cancer lesions ≤15 cm
b
Height from anal verge for rectal cancer cases