Table 1.

Drivers for different experiments in this study

Experiment	Climatea	Land coverb	Managed grassland areac	Atmospheric CO2 concentration	Management strategy
E dhist	Varied for 1901–2010	Varied for 1901–2010	Varied for 1901–2010	Varied for 1901–2010	Adaptive management change algorithm simulating potential livestock density
E control	Varied for 2011–2100	Constant as in 2010	Constant as in 2010	Varied for 2011–2100 (A1B scenario)	Adaptive management change algorithm simulating potential livestock density
E noco2	Varied for 2011–2100	Constant as in 2010	Constant as in 2010	Constant as in 2010	Adaptive management change algorithm simulating potential livestock density
E fixD	Varied for 2011–2100	Constant as in 2010	Constant as in 2010	Varied for 2011–2100 (A1B scenario)	Adaptive management change algorithm with constant livestock density

^aClimate change for 2011–2100 is predicted by REMO driven by ECHAM5 climate for A1B scenario [49] provided by the ENSEMBLE project (http://www.ensembles-eu.org/)

^bLand cover is derived from HILDA dataset [52]

^cArea of managed grassland is calculated using the same method as in previous study for historical period [40]

^dSee Chang et al. [40] for detail protocol of simulation