| Airway malacia (phenotypic presentation) |
| Seal-like bark or unusual cough (parents are able to identify their child by solely hearing the cough) |
| Cough that impede daily activities |
| Wheeze (usually central and localized, low-pitched, homophonous, modifies in the prone position and unchanged or worsen after beta-agonists) |
| Stridor that typically worsens with feeding, crying, supine positioning, and agitation |
| Rattly respiration |
| Recurrent pulmonary infections (bacterial bronchitis, pneumonia) with increased initial severity and slower recovery |
| Spontaneous hyperextension of the neck |
| Feeding difficulties (dysphagia, regurgitation, intermittent respiratory obstruction, arterial desaturation or cyanosis during feeding) |
| Increased prevalence in children who have syndromes involving cardiac disorders, tracheoesophageal fistula, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and all those who have undergone prolonged intubation or tracheotomy |
