Figure 6.

Pro‐inflammatory cytokine treatment induced a mild endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in pancreatic beta cells after 24 hr. Human βLox5 cells were treated with media alone (Ctrl), thapsigargin (Tg), or interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) (Cyt) for 24 hr (a). Human islets were treated for 24 hr with pro‐inflammatory cytokines only (b). Expression levels of XBP1s, ATF4, ATF3 and DDIT3, the last of which encodes the CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), HSPA5, which encodes the binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), and HSP90B1, which encodes the ER chaperone GRP94, were measured by quantitative RT‐PCR. Data represent the mean + SEM of n = 5 experiments or the mean ± SEM results from n = 4 islet donors. *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001, ****P < 0·0001.