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. 2017 May 2;8:15154. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15154

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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The images in (a) show that the size of the 2D meshes can be easily regulated by changing the ions or the ion concentration in the initial aqueous solution. (b) The 2D and 3D porous materials can be prepared with recrystallized ice crystals as the template. (c) Various materials such inorganic salts, collagen, quantum dots, metallic nanoparticles and polystyrene colloids can be used to prepare porous materials. All the scale bars are 200 μm.