Table 1.

Cost of violence studies in the Asia and Pacific region

Study	Countries included	Outcomes/costs included	Types of violence measured	Total cost of violence	Cost of violence as % of GDP
Fang et al18	Indonesia, Thailand, Brunei, Darussalam, Japan, Singapore, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Republic of Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Viet Nam	Illicit drug use, early smoking initiation, problem drinking, early sex, teenage pregnancy, self-harm, stomach pain, mental disorder	Violence against children including: emotional, physical and sexual, neglect, witnessing domestic violence, child maltreatment deaths	US$209 billion (2013)	2 of the region's GDP
Fang36	Cambodia	Health consequences (mental distress, intimate partner violence perpetration, self-harm, smoking, problem drinking, sexually transmitted infections, moderate injuries resulting from interpersonal violence) and productivity losses (as measured by educational attainment)	Violence against children including: physical, emotional and sexual violence against children	US$251.3 million (2013)	1.65 of GDP
Fang et al37	China	Mental disorder (depression and anxiety), current smoker, problem drinking, illicit drug use, self-harm	Violence against children including: emotional, physical and sexual violence	US$101 billion	1.7
Pollett and Gurr38	Vanuatu	Direct costs (hospitalisation—emergency care, non-hospital emergency care, mental health treatment, child welfare service, law enforcement), indirect costs (special education, juvenile criminality, adult criminality cost), life-long costs (chronic health cost, lost productivity)	Violence against children including: emotional, physical and sexual violence and neglect	Vt 293.8 million—Vt 425.4 million	0.5–0.75 of GDP for annualised costs (direct, indirect and lifelong) 6.8 of annual GDP for life-long costs
UN Women Viet Nam39	Viet Nam	Household-level direct and indirect costs (out-of-pocket expenditures to utilise services such as medical, treatment, police and legal support, etc, income loss due to missed work, loss of productivity for the household, missed schooling by children); cost of service provision and prevention services (salaries, training costs, operational costs such as rent, electricity, etc)	Domestic violence against women	VND 2.5 billion	1.4 of 2010 GDP (total direct/indirect costs of domestic violence) 1.78 of GDP for total productivity losses