Table 2. The effects of testosterone replacement therapy on nocturia.

Study (year)	Design	Number	Treatment regimen	Evaluation	Result	Reference No.
Kalinchenko (2008)	DRS	Group 1: 10 Group 2: 20	Group 1: T gel (50 mg daily for 26 wk) Group 2: IM T undecanoate (1,000 mg for 26 wk)	IPSS	TRT improved total IPSS score, symptoms of irritation, obstructive symptoms, and nocturia.	44
Amano (2010)	CS	41	Glowmin (6 mg daily for 3 mo)	IPSS	TRT was effective in the improvement of the IPSS and its subscores, including nocturia.	45
Ko (2013)	CS	246	IM T undecanoate (100 mg every 12 wk for over 1 yr)	IPSS UFM	TRT improved both storage (including nocturia) and voiding symptoms, while MFR and PVR volume remained.	46
Shigehara (2015)	RCT	46 (TRT: 31, Control: 33)	IM T enanthate (250 mg monthly for 16 mo)	IPSS	TRT improved nocturia and sleep conditions, as well as quality of life, among hypogonadal men with nocturia.	32
Yassin (2016)	CS	262	IM T undecanoate (1,000 mg every 12 wk for a maximum of 11 yr)	IPSS, PVR Bladder wall	TRT resulted in improvements in IPSS/nocturia, residual voiding volume, and bladder wall thickness.	47
Karazindiyanoğlu (2008)	CS	25	T gel (50~100 mg daily for 1 yr)	IPSS, PFS	TRT contributed to an improvement in IPSS score, and significantly increased maximal bladder capacity and compliance.	16

DRS: dose-response study, CS: case series, RCT: randomized controlled study, TRT: testosterone replacement therapy, T: testosterone, IM: intramuscular, IPSS: international prostate symptom score, UFM: uroflowmetry, PVR: post-voiding residual, PFS: pressure-flow study, MFR: maximum flow rate.