Figure 3.

Inference of the DFE is robust to misspecification of the demographic model and background selection. Points show the MLEs of the (A) demographic parameters and (B) DFE parameters inferred from 100 simulated data sets with linkage and population structure. Red lines denote the true values and the yellow dots denote the median estimates across the 100 data sets. Estimates of time of expansion (T₁) and the ratio of current to ancestral population size (N₁/N_ANC) tend to be biased because demography is incorrectly modeled due to background selection, but estimates of the DFE are unbiased.