Fig. 4.

Multifrequency EIS of immobilized single yeast cells: UB (n= 34), HBI (n=10), HBO (n=13), and VB (n=11), with reference measurements of the empty traps. a Magnitude and phase spectra of raw signals over the swept frequency range from 10 kHz to 10 MHz. b, c Relative magnitude and phase spectra. The color curves and shaded regions in a, b, and c represent the mean values and standard deviations in the measurements, respectively. d Separation of VB cells by using the relative magnitude at 1 MHz versus the relative phase at 4 MHz shown in a scatter plot. e Separation of HBI cells by using the relative magnitude at 100 kHz versus the relative phase at 900 kHz shown in a scatter plot. Inserts show images of cell samples. Buds are marked with arrowheads. Scale bar is 5 μm. f Discrimination of UB, HBI, and HBO cells by means of LDA on the full multifrequency data set (projections on first two PCs shown). Colored areas depict the regions in which a cell sample is assigned to the respective group, and dashed lines show classification boundaries