Fig. 3.

Linagliptin inhibits WD-induced cardiac hypertrophy and induction of prohypertrophic mediators. a The ratio of heart weight to tibia length (HW/TL). N = 10/group. b Micrographs show wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining in the myocardium and accompanying bar graph shows semi-quantitative assessment of cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (CSA). Scale bars 50 μm. c Western blot shows myocardial ANP expression and accompanying bar graphs show quantitative analysis of protein and mRNA expression as fold change from baseline in the CD group. N = 3/group. d Western blot shows myocardial phospho-S6K1 (Thr³⁸⁹) and pan-actin expression and accompanying bar graph shows fold change in expression from CD. *p < 0.5 vs CD and ^†p < 0.05 vs WD. N = 4–5/group